ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
IL-1 acts directly on CD4 T cells to enhance their antigen-driven expansion and differentiation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 346 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
346 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 551 citations in OpenAlex.
- In search of immune cellular sources of abnormal cytokines in the blood in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of case-control studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Taurine, Sirtuin-1 and TNF- α levels in different aged adults with periodontitis: a pilot study.BMC oral health · 2025Trial
- Article
- Long noncoding RNA#61 synergizes with viral PA-X to augment pyroptosis and attenuate the virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in mice.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- An "old" cytokine's new trick: IL-1β in B cells and the germinal center.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Discovery of 7-azaindole-3-acrylamide inhibitors of inflammasomes/IL-1β for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- An autologous cell-based therapeutic vaccine expressing IL6/1 fusokine drives robust anti-tumor response against ovarian cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- IL-1β and IL-6 synergistically drive murine TFH cell differentiation and maintenance in vitro.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of low-dose rosiglitazone in periodontitis: attenuation of inflammation and bone loss through macrophage reprogramming.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Cystic lesions and their role in pancreatic cancer risk stratification.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Recent advances in tumor-activated prodrug nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T cells in cardiovascular disease: solved and unsolved mysteries.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond local control: radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations fromFrontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- ScRNA profiling of peripheral blood in kidney transplant recipients across rejection responses and treatments.Scientific data · 2025Article
- The adeno associated viral vectored Dp12S vaccine effective alleviation of asthma symptoms in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Macrophage NLRP3 activation and IL-1β release drive osimertinib-induced antitumor immunity.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Germinal Center B cells provide essential IL-1β signals to TFH cells via canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activity post influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Oxidized phospholipid damage signals as modulators of immunity.Open biology · 2025Review
- IL-1β signaling modulates T follicular helper and regulatory cells in human lymphoid tissues.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the chronic autoimmune response to myocardial infarction.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Article
286 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
IL-1 causes a marked increase in the degree of expansion of naïve and memory CD4 T cells in response to challenge with their cognate antigen. The response occurs when only specific CD4 T cells can respond to IL-1beta, is not induced by a series of other cytokines and does not depend on IL-6 or CD-28. When WT cells are primed in IL-1R1(-/-) recipients, IL-1 increases the proportion of cytokine-producing transgenic CD4 T cells, especially IL-17- and IL-4-producing cells, strikingly increases serum IgE levels and serum IgG1 levels. IL-1beta enhances antigen-mediated expansion of in vitro primed Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells transferred to IL-1R1(-/-) recipients. The IL-1 receptor antagonist diminished responses to antigen plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by approximately 55%. These results indicate that IL-1beta signaling in T cells markedly induces robust and durable primary and secondary CD4 responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.