ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2009
Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 269 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Birth Size: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- No observed association for mitochondrial SNPs with preterm delivery and related outcomes.Pediatric research · 2012Pooled it
- Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2012Pooled it
- Relationship between vitamin D status and the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2019Trial
- Treatment of vitamin D deficiency is an effective method in the elimination of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis: A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.The Indian journal of medical research · 2015Trial
- A blinded, randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D supplementation to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2014Trial
- The Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART): rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of asthma and allergies in children.Contemporary clinical trials · 2014Trial
- Maternal vitamin D status and infant outcomes in rural Vietnam: a prospective cohort study.PloS one · 2014Trial
- The vital role of Lactobacillus sp. in vaginal health: Implications for enhanced prophylactic research.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Vitamin D-Induced Antimicrobial Peptides in Combating Viral Infections.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Social, microbial, and immune factors linking bacterial vaginosis and infectious diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Placental Molecular Expression of Different Pathogenic Vaginal Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The association between global and prime diet quality scores and the risk of bacterial vaginosis: a secondary analysis of case-control study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- In vitro evaluation of the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) as a potential application for aerobic vaginitis treatment - preliminary study results.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- The association between dietary phytochemical index and bacterial vaginosis risk: secondary analysis of case-control study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Supplementation with vitamin D improves the embryo quality in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs, independently of the patients' basal vitamin D status.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Article
- Vitamin D and reproductive disorders: a comprehensive review with a focus on endometriosis.Reproductive health · 2024Review
- Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D on Vaginal, Sexual, and Urological Functions in Postmenopausal Women.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Maternal and Fetal Effects of Gestational Vitamin D Concentration.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Effect of Maternal Dietary Patterns on Birth Weight for Gestational Age: Findings from the MAMI-MED Cohort.Nutrients · 2023Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a highly prevalent vaginal infection that is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Vitamin D exerts an influence on the immune system and may play a role in BV. The objective of this study was to examine the association between maternal vitamin D status and the prevalence of BV in early pregnancy. Women (n = 469) enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study at <16 wk underwent a pelvic examination and provided a blood sample for determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. BV was diagnosed using Gram-stained vaginal smears interpreted using the method of Nugent. Approximately 41% of women had BV (Nugent score 7-10) and 52% had a serum 25(OH)D concentration <37.5 nmol/L. The mean unadjusted serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower among BV cases (29.5 nmol/L; 95% CI: 27.1, 32.0) compared with women with normal vaginal flora (40.1 nmol/L; 95% CI: 37.0, 43.5; P < 0.001). BV prevalence decreased as vitamin D status improved (P < 0.001). Approximately 57% of the women with a serum 25(OH)D concentration <20 nmol/L had BV compared with 23% of women with a serum 25(OH)D concentration >80 nmol/L. There was a dose-response association between 25(OH)D and the prevalence of BV. The prevalence declined as 25(OH)D increased to 80 nmol/L, then reached a plateau. Compared with a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 75 nmol/L, there were 1.65-fold (95% CI: 1.01, 2.69) and 1.26-fold (1.01, 1.57) increases in the prevalence of BV associated with a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 20 and 50 nmol/L, respectively, after adjustment for race and sexually transmitted diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with BV and may contribute to the strong racial disparity in the prevalence of BV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.