ReviewMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2009
Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review.
Review in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroimmune Links to White-matter Microstructure in Medication-naïve Children with Tic Disorder: A Mediation Analysis.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- Immune dysregulation in pediatric tic disorders: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Butyrate modifies epigenetic and immune pathways in peripheral mononuclear cells from children with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with chromatin dysregulation.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of Cytokine Profiles and Their Impact on Tic Disorder Severity Over One Year.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- The relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and NLRP3 inflammasome.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Machine learning based predictive model of the risk of Tourette syndrome with SHAP value interpretation: a retrospective observational study.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Clinical characteristics of tic disorders in children and adolescents with the chief complaint of abnormal blinking.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cytokine expression profiles in children and adolescents with tic disorders.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cytokine levels reflect tic symptoms more prominently during mild phases.BMC neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Dysfunctional Mechanisms Throwing Tics: Structural and Functional Changes in Tourette Syndrome.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Hair Cortisol and Perceived Stress-Predictors for the Onset of Tics? A European Longitudinal Study on High-Risk Children.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
- Tic Disorders, Anti-Tic Medications, and Risk of Atopy.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Article
- Tics and Emotions.Brain sciences · 2022Review
- Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Tourette Syndrome: Electrode Position and Clinical Outcome.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2021Article
- The Efficacy of Acupuncture on Tic Disorders in Children: A Retrospective and Propensity Score-Matched Study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Gastrodin Attenuates Tourette Syndrome by Regulating EAATs and NMDA Receptors in the Striatum of Rats.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Article
- A Chinese Herbal Formulation, Xiao-Er-An-Shen Decoction, Attenuates Tourette Syndrome, Possibly by Reversing Abnormal Changes in Neurotransmitter Levels and Enhancing Antioxidant Status in Mouse Brain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) has a multifactorial etiology, in which genetic, environmental, immunological and hormonal factors interact to establish vulnerability. This review: (i) summarizes research exploring the exposure of TS patients to immune-activating environmental factors, and (ii) focuses on recent findings supporting a role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the pathogenesis of TS and related disorders. A higher exposure prior to disease onset to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections in children with tics and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms has been documented, although their influence upon the course of disease remains uncertain. Increased activation of immune responses in TS is suggested by changes in gene expression profiles of peripheral immune cells, relative frequency of lymphocyte subpopulations, and synthesis of immune effector molecules. Increased activity of cell-mediated mechanisms is suggested by the increased expression of genes controlling natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, increased plasma levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines which correlate with disease severity, and increased synthesis of antineuronal antibodies. Important methodological differences might account for some inconsistency among results of studies addressing autoantibodies in TS. Finally, a general predisposition to autoimmune responses in TS patients is indicated by the reduced frequency of regulatory T cells, which induce tolerance towards self-antigens. Although the pathogenic role of immune activation in TS has not been definitively proven, a pathophysiological model is proposed to explain the possible effect of immunity upon dopamine transmission regulation and the generation of tics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.