ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Bacillus anthracis edema toxin impairs neutrophil actin-based motility.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Innate Immune Interactions betweenFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2018Article
- Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated Induces Edema Toxin-Neutralizing, Edema Factor-Specific Antibodies in Human Recipients.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Bacterial Virulence Factors: Secreted for Survival.Indian journal of microbiology · 2017Review
- The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.Toxins · 2016Review
- Soluble Expression and Characterization of Biologically Active Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen in Escherichia coli.Molecular biology international · 2016Article
- Bacterial Toxins as Pathogen Weapons Against Phagocytes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Review
- Potential role of autophagy in the bactericidal activity of human PMNs for Bacillus anthracis.Pathogens and disease · 2015Article
- Micropatterned macrophage analysis reveals global cytoskeleton constraints induced by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- PC, a Novel Oral Insecticidal Toxin from Bacillus bombysepticus Involved in Host Lethality via APN and BtR-175.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Circulating lethal toxin decreases the ability of neutrophils to respond to Bacillus anthracis.Cellular microbiology · 2014Article
- Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action.Toxins · 2012Review
- Review
- Anthrax lethal and edema toxins fail to directly impair human platelet function.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2012Article
- New insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses.Microbes and infection · 2012Review
- Bacillus anthracis-derived edema toxin (ET) counter-regulates movement of neutrophils and macromolecules through the endothelial paracellular pathway.BMC microbiology · 2012Article
- Cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2012Review
- Mechanisms of NK cell-macrophage Bacillus anthracis crosstalk: a balance between stimulation by spores and differential disruption by toxins.PLoS pathogens · 2012Article
- Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activation is important for anthrax edema toxin-induced dendritic cell maturation and anthrax toxin receptor 2 expression in macrophages.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Noninvasive imaging technologies reveal edema toxin as a key virulence factor in anthrax.The American journal of pathology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Inhalation anthrax results in high-grade bacteremia and is accompanied by a delay in the rise of the peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count and a paucity of PMNs in the infected pleural fluid and mediastinum. Edema toxin (ET) is one of the major Bacillus anthracis virulence factors and consists of the adenylate cyclase edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA). Relatively low concentrations of ET (100 to 500 ng/ml of PA and EF) significantly impair human PMN chemokinesis, chemotaxis, and ability to polarize. These changes are accompanied by a reduction in chemoattractant-stimulated PMN actin assembly. ET also causes a significant decrease in Listeria monocytogenes intracellular actin-based motility within HeLa cells. These defects in actin assembly are accompanied by a >50-fold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP and a >4-fold increase in the phosphorylation of protein kinase A. We have previously shown that anthrax lethal toxin (LT) also impairs neutrophil actin-based motility (R. L. During, W. Li, B. Hao, J. M. Koenig, D. S. Stephens, C. P. Quinn, and F. S. Southwick, J. Infect. Dis. 192:837-845, 2005), and we now find that LT combined with ET causes an additive inhibition of PMN chemokinesis, polarization, chemotaxis, and FMLP (N-formyl-met-leu-phe)-induced actin assembly. We conclude that ET alone or combined with LT impairs PMN actin assembly, resulting in paralysis of PMN chemotaxis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.