ArticlePloS one2009
Copy number variation and transcriptional polymorphisms of Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector genes Avr1a and Avr3a.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 71 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Rare Recombination in the Phytophthora sojae Genome Allows the Redefinition of a Major Avirulence Gene.Molecular plant pathology · 2026Article
- Oomycete plant pathogens: biology, pathogenesis and emerging control strategies.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Parallel adaptation and admixture drive the evolution of virulence in the grapevine downy mildew pathogen.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Targeted capture and cloning of Rps6 reveal redundancy in soybean resistance genes.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Effector gene silencing coordinated by histone methylation and small RNAs enhances host adaptation in a plant pathogen.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity and evolution of nine avirulence genes in South KoreanFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The virulence function of RXLR effectorVirulence · 2025Article
- DNA methylation analysis reveals local changes in resistant and susceptible soybean lines in response to Phytophthora sansomeana.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Article
- Pangenome graph analysis reveals extensive effector copy-number variation in spinach downy mildew.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Bacterial host adaptation through sequence and structural variations of a single type III effector gene.iScience · 2024Article
- Transcriptome analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- Genome analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean-Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2022Review
- RXLR effector gene Avr3a from Phytophthora sojae is recognized by Rps8 in soybean.Molecular plant pathology · 2022Article
- Review
- Epigenetics of wheat-rust interaction: an update.Planta · 2022Review
- Molecular mechanisms ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Mutations in PpAGO3 Lead to Enhanced Virulence ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene-wheat resistance gene pair.Nature plants · 2021Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The importance of segmental duplications and copy number variants as a source of genetic and phenotypic variation is gaining greater appreciation, in a variety of organisms. Now, we have identified the Phytophthora sojae avirulence genes Avr1a and Avr3a and demonstrate how each of these Avr genes display copy number variation in different strains of P. sojae. The Avr1a locus is a tandem array of four near-identical copies of a 5.2 kb DNA segment. Two copies encoding Avr1a are deleted in some P. sojae strains, causing changes in virulence. In other P. sojae strains, differences in transcription of Avr1a result in gain of virulence. For Avr3a, there are four copies or one copy of this gene, depending on the P. sojae strain. In P. sojae strains with multiple copies of Avr3a, this gene occurs within a 10.8 kb segmental duplication that includes four other genes. Transcriptional differences of the Avr3a gene among P. sojae strains cause changes in virulence. To determine the extent of duplication within the superfamily of secreted proteins that includes Avr1a and Avr3a, predicted RXLR effector genes from the P. sojae and the P. ramorum genomes were compared by counting trace file matches from whole genome shotgun sequences. The results indicate that multiple, near-identical copies of RXLR effector genes are prevalent in oomycete genomes. We propose that multiple copies of particular RXLR effectors may contribute to pathogen fitness. However, recognition of these effectors by plant immune systems results in selection for pathogen strains with deleted or transcriptionally silenced gene copies.
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