ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2009
Differential requirements for protection against mucosal challenge with Francisella tularensis in the presence versus absence of cholera toxin B and inactivated F. tularensis.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tularemia: Historical Perspectives and Current Challenges of a Re-Emerging Zoonosis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Development, Strategies, and Challenges for Tularemia Vaccine.Current microbiology · 2024Review
- Review
- Evaluation of an outbred mouse model for Francisella tularensis vaccine development and testing.PloS one · 2018Article
- Article
- An Improved Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-Conjugated Multiantigen Subunit Vaccine Against Respiratory Tularemia.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- The Nontoxic Cholera B Subunit Is a Potent Adjuvant for Intradermal DC-Targeted Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Article
- Ex vivo antigen-pulsed PBMCs generate potent and long lasting immunity to infection when administered as a vaccine.Vaccine · 2017Article
- Utilization of cholera toxin B as a mucosal adjuvant elicits antibody-mediated protection againstTherapeutic advances in vaccines · 2017Article
- Vaccination evokes gender-dependent protection against tularemia infection in C57BL/6Tac mice.Vaccine · 2016Article
- Differential Cultivation ofFrontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- Cholera toxin B induced activation of murine macrophages exposed to a fixed bacterial immunogen.Therapeutic advances in vaccines · 2015Article
- Downmodulation of vaccine-induced immunity and protection against the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis by the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB.Journal of immunology research · 2015Article
- Article
- Live attenuated mutants of Francisella tularensis protect rabbits against aerosol challenge with a virulent type A strain.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Development of functional and molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection for a model intracellular pathogen, F. tularensis LVS.PLoS pathogens · 2012Article
- Article
- Antibodies contribute to effective vaccination against respiratory infection by type A Francisella tularensis strains.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Immunity to Francisella.Frontiers in microbiology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a category A biothreat agent for which there is no approved vaccine and the correlates of protection are not well understood. In particular, the relationship between the humoral and cellular immune response to F. tularensis and the relative importance of each in protection is controversial. Yet, understanding this relationship will be crucial to the development of an effective vaccine against this organism. We demonstrate, for the first time, a differential requirement for humoral vs cellular immunity in vaccine-induced protection against F. tularensis infection, and that the requirement for Ab observed in some protection studies, may be overcome through the induction of enhanced cellular immunity. Specifically, following intranasal/mucosal immunization of mice with inactivated F. tularensis organisms plus the cholera toxin B subunit, we observe increased production of IgG2a/2c vs IgG1 Ab, as well as IFN-gamma, indicating induction of a Th1 response. In addition, the requirement for F. tularensis-specific IgA Ab production, observed in studies following immunization with inactivated F. tularensis alone, is eliminated. Thus, these data indicate that enhanced Th1 responses can supersede the requirement for anti-F. tularensis-specific IgA. This observation also has important ramifications for vaccine development against this organism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.