ArticleContraception2009
Side effects from the copper IUD: do they decrease over time?
Article in Contraception, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Levonorgestrel intrauterine system associated amenorrhea: a systematic review and metaanalysis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2019Pooled it
- Contraceptive Continuation and Experiences Obtaining Implant and IUD Removal Among Women Randomized to Use Injectable Contraception, Levonorgestrel Implant, and Copper IUD in South Africa and Zambia.Studies in family planning · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2022Trial
- Patterns of Adherence to a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention Among South African Women in a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2022Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of daily text messages versus monthly paper diaries to collect bleeding data after intrauterine device insertion.Contraception · 2015Trial
- A study of physician recommendations for reversible contraceptive methods using standardized patients.Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health · 2011Trial
- The zinc contraceptive effect: targets, timing, and quantitative thresholds.Biology open · 2026Article
- Evaluation and Treatment Options for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Patients With a History of Breast Cancer.O&G open · 2026Review
- Monitoring Menstrual Health in Footballers: Considerations for Tracking Menstrual and Hormonal Contraceptive Cycles in the Field to Support Performance.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Case Report: Abnormal uterine bleeding caused by displacement of an intrauterine device.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Understanding and treating menstruation associated sickle cell pain.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Review
- REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN TRANS AND GENDER DIVERSE PATIENTS: Contraception considerations in transmasculine and gender diverse adolescents and young adults.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Modern Contraception and Anaemia Among Reproductive-age Women in India: Results From a Household Survey.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2024Article
- Role of Female Sex Hormones in ADPKD Progression and a Personalized Approach to Contraception and Hormonal Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- CT imaging of intrauterine devices (IUD): expected findings, unexpected findings, and complications.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2024Review
- Understanding and Preventing Recurring Bacterial Vaginosis: Important Considerations for Clinicians.International journal of women's health · 2023Review
- Intrauterine contraceptive discontinuation reasons among female trial participants living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: A qualitative analysis.Frontiers in global women's health · 2023Article
- The Effects of Hormonal and Non-Hormonal Intrauterine Devices on Female Sexual Function: A Systematic Review.International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health · 2023Article
- "For Me, It's Having Something Meaningful": Women's Emotional Understandings of Sex and the Sexual Acceptability of Contraception.Journal of sex research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe copper intrauterine device (IUD) can cause side effects in some women; increased uterine bleeding and pain may cause early removal. Because of simplified reporting from previous research, little is known about how side effects might change over time. STUDY
designThis is a secondary analysis of a prospective study of 1947 first-time copper IUD users. Over a 1-year period, we collected detailed information on side effects and looked for trends using generalized mixed-effects regression modeling.
resultsDuring menses, most bleeding and pain side effects were found to decrease over time (p<.05). During intermenstrual intervals, overall spotting and pain complaints remained unchanged, but the number of days with these problems increased (p<.05). Serious side effects that prompted either a clinic visit or IUD removal had varied patterns over time, depending on the type of problem.
conclusionSide effects from the copper IUD can be troubling for both user and clinician. Some problems improve over time, while others do not. This information may be helpful in counseling women who are considering IUD use and current users who are contemplating IUD removal due to side effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.