ReviewPharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior2009
The DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and addiction-related phenotypes: a review.
Review in Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of gene-by-intervention studies of alcohol and other substance use.Development and psychopathology · 2021Pooled it
- Parsing out the role of dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) on alcohol-related phenotypes: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Addiction biology · 2020Pooled it
- Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2011Pooled it
- Dopaminergic Genetic Variation Influences Aripiprazole Effects on Alcohol Self-Administration and the Neural Response to Alcohol Cues in a Randomized Trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Ondansetron and sertraline may interact with 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 polymorphisms to reduce drinking in non-treatment seeking alcohol-dependent women: exploratory findings.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2014Trial
- Effects of nicotine deprivation and replacement on BOLD-fMRI response to smoking cues as a function of DRD4 VNTR genotype.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Trial
- Differential sensitivity to prevention programming: a dopaminergic polymorphism-enhanced prevention effect on protective parenting and adolescent substance use.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2014Trial
- The DRD4 exon III VNTR, bupropion, and associations with prospective abstinence.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Dopamine D4 receptor gene variation is associated with context-dependent attention for emotion stimuli.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- A human laboratory pilot study with baclofen in alcoholic individuals.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2013Trial
- Dopamine D4 receptor gene variation moderates the efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2012Trial
- Investigating substituted phenylacetamide ligands in the DBioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Analysis of targeted and whole genome sequencing of PacBio HiFi reads for a comprehensive genotyping of gene-proximal and phenotype-associated Variable Number Tandem Repeats.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- DRD4 Interacts with TGF-β Receptors to Drive Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Independently of Dopamine Signaling Pathway.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Dopaminergic Epistases in Schizophrenia.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Variable number tandem repeats - Their emerging role in sickness and health.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2021Review
- The etiology of maternal postpartum depressive symptoms: Childhood emotional maltreatment, couple relationship satisfaction, and genes.Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) · 2021Article
- Identification of the Risk Genes Associated With Vulnerability to Addiction: Major Findings From Transgenic Animals.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- Associations Among Internet Addiction, Genetic Polymorphisms, Family Functioning, and Psychopathological Risk: Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study.JMIR mental health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In addition to the large literatures on associations of the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism with ADHD and personality traits, there is an emerging literature linking this variant to addiction and addiction-related phenotypes. When only diagnosis-based studies are considered, an inconsistent picture emerges raising doubts as to the relevance of this polymorphism to addiction. However the use of multiple levels of analysis in examining the importance of this polymorphism has raised the possibility of an urge-related "intermediate phenotype" that puts one at risk for developing addiction but may not be found in all persons with an addiction diagnosis. From cellular assays through neuroimaging and behavioral phenotypes, these studies highlight the power of the "intermediate phenotype" approach and suggest a possible explanation of the mixed findings when diagnosis is used as the phenotype. Strengths and weaknesses of alternative DRD4 VNTR genotype grouping strategies are discussed. In sum, converging evidence across multiple methodologies supports the possibility of a robust relationship between the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and urge for addictive substances.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.