ReviewNeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics2009
Intranasal delivery of antiepileptic medications for treatment of seizures.
Review in Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase 1, Open-Label, Randomized Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Multiple Doses of Intranasal Naloxone in Healthy Participants.Clinical and translational science · 2026Trial
- Appropriateness and safety of using the intranasal route for sedation during pediatric computed tomography: A randomized controlled trial at Korle-Bu teaching hospital.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Trial
- Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel-Group Clinical Trial.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2017Trial
- Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intranasal and oral d-amphetamine in healthy human subjects.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2011Trial
- Review
- Intranasal Diazepam Outperforms Midazolam and Lorazepam in Early Seizure Control in Pilocarpine-Induced Mice Model.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Review
- Seizure treatment in children: can intranasal midazolam be used without an atomizer?Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Article
- To Explore Nasal-Brain Lymphatic System for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery and to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases.Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Opportunities for Community Pharmacists to Counsel Patients With Epilepsy and Seizure Clusters to Overcome Barriers and Foster Appropriate Treatment.Journal of pharmacy practice · 2024Review
- Effect of intranasal and oral administration of levetiracetam on the temporal and spatial distributions of SV2A in the KA-induced rat model of SE.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Out-of-hospital rescue medication in dogs with emergency seizure disorders: an owner perspective.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Bioavailability and Safety of a New Highly Concentrated Midazolam Nasal Spray Compared to Buccal and Intravenous Midazolam Treatment in Chinese Healthy Volunteers.Neurology and therapy · 2022Article
- Intranasal drug delivery: opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Review
- Strategies to Improve Drug Strength in Nasal Preparations for Brain Delivery of Low Aqueous Solubility Drugs.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of chitosan-based thermosensitive gel containing lorazepam NLCs for the treatment of status epilepticus.IET nanobiotechnology · 2020Article
- Transmucosal drug administration as an alternative route in palliative and end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Review
- Intranasal midazolam as first-line inhospital treatment for status epilepticus: a pharmaco-EEG cohort study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2019Article
- Pyruvate Kinase M2 Increases Angiogenesis, Neurogenesis, and Functional Recovery Mediated by Upregulation of STAT3 and Focal Adhesion Kinase Activities After Ischemic Stroke in Adult Mice.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2018Article
- Efficacy of nonvenous medications for acute convulsive seizures: A network meta-analysis.Neurology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute isolated seizure, repetitive or recurrent seizures, and status epilepticus are all deemed medical emergencies. Mortality and worse neurologic outcome are directly associated with the duration of seizure activity. A number of recent reviews have described consensus statements regarding the pharmacologic treatment protocols for seizures when patients are in pre-hospital, institutional, and home-bound settings. Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam, and clonazepam are considered to be medications of first choice. The rapidity by which a medication can be delivered to the systemic circulation and then to the brain plays a significant role in reducing the time needed to treat seizures and reduce opportunity for damage to the CNS. Speed of delivery, particularly outside of the hospital, is enhanced when transmucosal routes of delivery are used in place of an intravenous injection. Intranasal transmucosal delivery of benzodiazepines is useful in reducing time to drug administration and cessation of seizures in the pre-hospital setting, when actively seizing patients arrive in the emergency room, and at home where caregivers treat their dependents. This review summarizes factors to consider when choosing a benzodiazepine for intranasal administration, including formulation and device considerations, pharmacology and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles. A review of the most relevant clinical studies in epilepsy patients will provide context for the relative success of this technique with a number of benzodiazepines and relatively less sophisticated nasal preparations. Neuropeptides delivered intranasally, crossing the blood-brain barrier via the olfactory system, may increase the availability of medications for treatment of epilepsy. Consequently, there remains a significant unmet medical need to serve the pharamcotherapeutic requirements of epilepsy patients through commercial development and marketing of intranasal antiepileptic products.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.