SynthesisEnvironmental research2009
Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis: A meta-analysis approach.
Synthesis in Environmental research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rainfall and Temperature Influences on Childhood Diarrhea and the Effect Modification Role of Water and Sanitation Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Global prevalence ofParasitology · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987-2018).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2020Pooled it
- Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasitology research · 2017Pooled it
- Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought.Environmental science & technology · 2016Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient temperature and diarrhoeal diseases.International journal of epidemiology · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Growth and Cognitive Development in Tanzanian Children are Associated with Timing of Birth in Relation to Seasonal Malnutrition.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Occurrence of Waterborne Protozoa in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant in China by High-Throughput Screening and Genotyping.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Rainfall and temperature influence effectiveness of on-site sanitation intervention against E. coli contamination in Bangladeshi households.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Seasonal and biological drivers of gastrointestinal parasites in wild rodents from two areas with different anthropogenic pressures in a semi-arid region.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Retrospective case-case study investigation of a significant increase inEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- First nationwide investigation ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular detection ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2024Article
- Hydrometeorology and geography affect hospitalizations for waterborne infectious diseases in the United States: A retrospective analysis.PLOS water · 2024Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe developed methodology for and conducted a meta-analysis to examine how seasonal patterns of cryptosporidiosis, a primarily waterborne diarrheal illness, relate to precipitation and temperature fluctuations worldwide.
methodsMonthly cryptosporidiosis data were abstracted from 61 published epidemiological studies that cover various climate regions based on the Köppen Climate Classification. Outcome data were supplemented with monthly aggregated ambient temperature and precipitation for each study location. We applied a linear mixed-effect model to relate the monthly normalized cryptosporidiosis incidence with normalized location-specific temperature and precipitation data. We also conducted a sub-analysis of associations between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a remote sensing measure for the combined effect of temperature and precipitation on vegetation, and cryptosporidiosis in Sub-Saharan Africa.
resultsOverall, and after adjusting for distance from the equator, increases in temperature and precipitation predict an increase in cryptosporidiosis; the strengths of relationship vary by climate subcategory. In moist tropical locations, precipitation is a strong seasonal driver for cryptosporidiosis whereas temperature is in mid-latitude and temperate climates. When assessing lagged relationships, temperature and precipitation remain strong predictors. In Sub-Saharan Africa, after adjusting for distance from the equator, low NDVI values are predictive of an increase in cryptosporidiosis in the following month. DISCUSSION: In this study we propose novel methodology to assess relationships between disease outcomes and meteorological data on a global scale. Our findings demonstrate that while climatic conditions typically define a pathogen habitat area, meteorological factors affect timing and intensity of seasonal outbreaks. Therefore, meteorological forecasts can be utilized to develop focused prevention programs for waterborne cryptosporidiosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.