ArticlePLoS genetics2009
A toxin-antitoxin system promotes the maintenance of an integrative conjugative element.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acquisition and erosion of toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Diversification in ANME-1 archaea is associated with the presence of highly variable genomic hotspots.Nature communications · 2026Article
- State-dependent promoter switching mediates integrase gene transcription in the integrative and conjugative element ICEKp1 of Klebsiella pneumoniae.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Genomic islands and plasmid borne antimicrobial resistance genes drive the evolution of high-risk, ST-131 uropathogenic E. coli NS30.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Beyond plasmid addiction: the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in the selfish behavior of mobile genetic elements.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Genomic Insights into Emerging Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions.EcoSal Plus · 2024Review
- Conformational change as a mechanism for toxin activation in bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.Journal of virology · 2024Review
- Contribution of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems to Adherent-InvasiveMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Isolation and characterization of a phage collection against Pseudomonas putida.Environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Type II and IV toxin-antitoxin systems coordinately stabilize the integrative and conjugative element of the ICESa2603 family conferring multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus suis.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- TheApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals that cryptic prophage protease LfgB protectsMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- TADB 3.0: an updated database of bacterial toxin-antitoxin loci and associated mobile genetic elements.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Diverse physiological roles of the MqsR/MqsA toxin/antitoxin system.Sustainable microbiology · 2024Review
- Review
- Applications of toxin-antitoxin systems in synthetic biology.Engineering microbiology · 2023Review
- eDNA-stimulated cell dispersion fromeLife · 2023Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
SXT is an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that confers resistance to multiple antibiotics upon many clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. In most cells, this approximately 100 Kb element is integrated into the host genome in a site-specific fashion; however, SXT can excise to form an extrachromosomal circle that is thought to be the substrate for conjugative transfer. Daughter cells lacking SXT can theoretically arise if cell division occurs prior to the element's reintegration. Even though approximately 2% of SXT-bearing cells contain the excised form of the ICE, cells that have lost the element have not been detected. Here, using a positive selection-based system, SXT loss was detected rarely at a frequency of approximately 1 x 10(-7). As expected, excision appears necessary for loss, and factors influencing the frequency of excision altered the frequency of SXT loss. We screened the entire 100 kb SXT genome and identified two genes within SXT, now designated mosA and mosT (for maintenance of SXT Antitoxin and Toxin), that promote SXT stability. These two genes, which lack similarity to any previously characterized genes, encode a novel toxin-antitoxin pair; expression of mosT greatly impaired cell growth and mosA expression ameliorated MosT toxicity. Factors that promote SXT excision upregulate mosAT expression. Thus, when the element is extrachromosomal and vulnerable to loss, SXT activates a TA module to minimize the formation of SXT-free cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.