ArticlePLoS pathogens2009
Genomic evidence for the evolution of Streptococcus equi: host restriction, increased virulence, and genetic exchange with human pathogens.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 262 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Reining in strangles: Absence of disease in horses vaccinated with a DIVA-compatible recombinant fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, following natural exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of a screening protocol employed at a UK rescue centre to prevent introduction of strangles.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Unwelcome neighbours: Tracking the transmission of Streptococcus equi in the United Kingdom horse population.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
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- Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from horses in Southern Brazil: molecular and phenotypic analyses.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
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- Naturally competent bacteria and their genetic parasites-a battle for control over horizontal gene transfer?FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Geographic diversity of theFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Genetic analysis based on next generation sequencing of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from horses imported into Japan.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Development of novel Streptococcus equi vaccines with an assessment of their immunizing potentials and protective efficacies.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Analysis ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Abortion and Lethal Septicaemia in Sows Caused by a Non-ST194Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- A case of bacteremia and pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection in a 70-year-old female following horse exposure in rural Wyoming.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2023Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The continued evolution of bacterial pathogens has major implications for both human and animal disease, but the exchange of genetic material between host-restricted pathogens is rarely considered. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is a host-restricted pathogen of horses that has evolved from the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus). These pathogens share approximately 80% genome sequence identity with the important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. We sequenced and compared the genomes of S. equi 4047 and S. zooepidemicus H70 and screened S. equi and S. zooepidemicus strains from around the world to uncover evidence of the genetic events that have shaped the evolution of the S. equi genome and led to its emergence as a host-restricted pathogen. Our analysis provides evidence of functional loss due to mutation and deletion, coupled with pathogenic specialization through the acquisition of bacteriophage encoding a phospholipase A(2) toxin, and four superantigens, and an integrative conjugative element carrying a novel iron acquisition system with similarity to the high pathogenicity island of Yersinia pestis. We also highlight that S. equi, S. zooepidemicus, and S. pyogenes share a common phage pool that enhances cross-species pathogen evolution. We conclude that the complex interplay of functional loss, pathogenic specialization, and genetic exchange between S. equi, S. zooepidemicus, and S. pyogenes continues to influence the evolution of these important streptococci.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.