ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2009
Tea drinking habits and oesophageal cancer in a high risk area in northern Iran: population based case-control study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00339742 (Gastric and Esophageal Malignancies in Northern Iran), which is not on this map. Cited by 124 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Gastric and Esophageal Malignancies in Northern Iran (GEMINI): Phase I: Case-Control Study
Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 299 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of metformin use with risk and survival outcome of esophageal cancer in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Hot Tea Consumption and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Red and processed meat consumption and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2020Pooled it
- Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Consumption of hot beverages and foods and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.BMC cancer · 2015Pooled it
- Xeroderma pigmentosum group D polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on case-control studies.World journal of gastroenterology · 2014Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Green tea consumption and risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.BMC gastroenterology · 2012Pooled it
- InterSCOPE study: Associations between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus serological markers.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2012Pooled it
- Systematic review: epidemiology of oesophageal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2010Pooled it
- High-temperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk--a systematic review.International journal of cancer · 2009Pooled it
- Pilot study of cytological testing for oesophageal squamous cell dysplasia in a high-risk area in Northern Iran.British journal of cancer · 2014Trial
- Epidemiology of Risk Stratification, Machine Learning Early Prediction Model, and Tumor Suppressive Mechanism of RHBDF2 in Esophageal Cancer in Gansu Province.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- A generalizable cross-continent prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using the oral microbiome.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- LTCONS_00014107-miR-29b-2-3p-GPR37 axis promotes heat stimulation induced esophageal carcinogenesis.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Breath biomarkers for esophageal cancer: identification, quantification, and diagnostic modeling.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2025Article
- Hot beverage intake and oesophageal cancer in the UK Biobank: prospective cohort study.British journal of cancer · 2025Observational
- Tea and coffee consumption and the 15-Year risk of cardiovascular events: the Isfahan cohort study (ICS).Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Integrating Salivary Biomarkers CST4 andClinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2025Article
- Unveiling Oral Cancer Epidemiology in Pakistan: Insights From a Case-Control Study.Global health, epidemiology and genomics · 2025Article
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the association between tea drinking habits in Golestan province, northern Iran, and risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
designPopulation based case-control study. In addition, patterns of tea drinking and temperature at which tea was drunk were measured among healthy participants in a cohort study.
settingGolestan province, northern Iran, an area with a high incidence of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
participants300 histologically proved cases of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 571 matched neighbourhood controls in the case-control study and 48 582 participants in the cohort study.
main outcome measureOdds ratio of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with drinking hot tea.
resultsNearly all (98%) of the cohort participants drank black tea regularly, with a mean volume consumed of over one litre a day. 39.0% of participants drank their tea at temperatures less than 60 degrees C, 38.9% at 60-64 degrees C, and 22.0% at 65 degrees C or higher. A moderate agreement was found between reported tea drinking temperature and actual temperature measurements (weighted kappa 0.49). The results of the case-control study showed that compared with drinking lukewarm or warm tea, drinking hot tea (odds ratio 2.07, 95% confidence interval 1.28 to 3.35) or very hot tea (8.16, 3.93 to 16.9) was associated with an increased risk of oesophageal cancer. Likewise, compared with drinking tea four or more minutes after being poured, drinking tea 2-3 minutes after pouring (2.49, 1.62 to 3.83) or less than two minutes after pouring (5.41, 2.63 to 11.1) was associated with a significantly increased risk. A strong agreement was found between responses to the questions on temperature at which tea was drunk and interval from tea being poured to being drunk (weighted kappa 0.68).
conclusionDrinking hot tea, a habit common in Golestan province, was strongly associated with a higher risk of oesophageal cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.