Evidence map›Paper›PMID 19320986›Full record

SynthesisBMC public health2009

The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Daphne P Guh, Wei Zhang, Nick Bansback, Zubin Amarsi, C Laird Birmingham, Aslam H Anis

3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC public health, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,726 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,726citing papers in PubMed, 18 pooled it
98.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03165812 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Single Anastomosis Duodeno Jejunal Bypass With Sleeve Gastrectomy (SADJB-SG) Versus Intensive Medical Therapy (IMT) in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Asian Patients With BMI 23.5 - 30 kg/m2: A Clinical Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversiti Putra MalaysiaRan2017 to 2019Enrolled84ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2, OverweightArmsSADJB-SG group, IMT group
NCT03690557 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

Examining Reach and Implementation of an Evidence-based Weight Loss Program in Rural Primary Care

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of NebraskaRan2018 to 2020Enrolled98ConditionsObesityArmsIncentaHealth
NCT06877572 active not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Enacting Active Survivorship: Implementation of Weight Management Strategies in Endometrial Cancer Survivors

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterRan2025 to 2030Enrolled50ConditionsEndometrial Cancer Survivors, Weight Management, Early Stage Endometrial CancerArmsWeight loss with pharmacotherapy, Weight loss without pharmacotherapy
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1,726 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 3,822 citations in OpenAlex.

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  13. Pollution, stress response, and obesity: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
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  15. Association between pain intensity and body composition in adults with chronic non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
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  19. Trial
  20. Racial disparities in the efficacy of traditional versus acceptance-based behavioral weight loss.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026
    Trial

1,666 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Daphne P GuhCentre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, BC, Canada. daphne@sm.hivnet.ubc.ca
Wei Zhang
Nick Bansback
Zubin Amarsi
C Laird Birmingham
Aslam H Anis
St. Paul's Hospital · CACentre for Advancing Health Outcomes · CAUniversity of British Columbia · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOverweight and obese persons are at risk of a number of medical conditions which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. The primary objective of this study is to provide an estimate of the incidence of each co-morbidity related to obesity and overweight using a meta-analysis.

methodsA literature search for the twenty co-morbidities identified in a preliminary search was conducted in Medline and Embase (Jan 2007). Studies meeting the inclusion criteria (prospective cohort studies of sufficient size reporting risk estimate based on the incidence of disease) were extracted. Study-specific unadjusted relative risks (RRs) on the log scale comparing overweight with normal and obese with normal were weighted by the inverse of their corresponding variances to obtain a pooled RR with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

resultsA total of 89 relevant studies were identified. The review found evidence for 18 co-morbidities which met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis determined statistically significant associations for overweight with the incidence of type II diabetes, all cancers except esophageal (female), pancreatic and prostate cancer, all cardiovascular diseases (except congestive heart failure), asthma, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis and chronic back pain. We noted the strongest association between overweight defined by body mass index (BMI) and the incidence of type II diabetes in females (RR = 3.92 (95% CI: 3.10-4.97)). Statistically significant associations with obesity were found with the incidence of type II diabetes, all cancers except esophageal and prostate cancer, all cardiovascular diseases, asthma, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis and chronic back pain. Obesity defined by BMI was also most strongly associated with the incidence of type II diabetes in females (12.41 (9.03-17.06)).

conclusionBoth overweight and obesity are associated with the incidence of multiple co-morbidities including type II diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Maintenance of a healthy weight could be important in the prevention of the large disease burden in the future. Further studies are needed to explore the biological mechanisms that link overweight and obesity with these co-morbidities.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesComorbidityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleGallbladder DiseasesHumansIncidenceMaleNeoplasmsObesityOsteoarthritisOverweight

Identifiers

PMID19320986
PMCPMC2667420
OpenAlexW1994014704

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.