ArticleAlcoholism, clinical and experimental research2009
Alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets, and the risk of being assaulted with a gun.
Article in Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence.Epidemiologic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- The impact of spatial and temporal availability of alcohol on its consumption and related harms: a critical review in the context of UK licensing policies.Drug and alcohol review · 2014Pooled it
- Firearm violence victimization in the United States: do drug preferences matter?Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Community Safety Needs and Resources and Their Alignment: A Case Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Unequal access: cross-sectional associations of deprivation, racial composition and independent and joint cannabis and alcohol outlet densities among Michigan census block groups.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Gun Free Zones in Alcohol-Serving Establishments and Risk for Firearm Violence: A Cross-Sectional, Geospatial Study in Texas.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Assessing Links Between Alcohol Exposure and Firearm Violence: A Scoping Review Update.Alcohol research : current reviews · 2025Article
- Association of Substance Use with Types of Assault-Related Injury Among Black Men in Baltimore, Maryland.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- The Association Between Racial Attitudes, Alcohol Use and Mood Disorders Among Black Adolescents.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2023Article
- Examining how the geographic availability of alcohol within residential neighborhoods, activity spaces, and destination nodes is related to alcohol use by parents of young children.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Examining Time-Variant Spatial Dependence of Urban Places and Shootings.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2021Article
- Alcohol outlets, drug paraphernalia sales, and neighborhood drug overdose.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Route Choices and Adolescent-Adult Connections in Mitigating Exposure to Environmental Risk Factors During Daily Activities.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2021Article
- Evaluation of a Local Ordinance to Prevent Any Underage Purchases in Liquor Stores: The Need for Enforcement.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2021Article
- Looking Back and Moving Forward: The Evolution and Potential Opportunities for the Future of Alcohol Outlet Density Measurement.Addiction research & theory · 2021Article
- A Multilevel Model of Alcohol Outlet Density, Individual Characteristics and Alcohol-Related Injury in Argentinean Young Adults.The Canadian journal of addiction · 2020Article
- Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Alcohol Outlet Oversaturation, Promote Compliance, and Guide Future Enforcement: a Preliminary Analysis of Transform Baltimore.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2020Article
- Place management in off-premise alcohol outlets: Results of a multi-methods study in a six-city California area.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Alcohol outlets and firearm violence: a place-based case-control study using satellite imagery and machine learning.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2020Article
- The Violence Prevention Potential of Reducing Alcohol Outlet Access in Baltimore, Maryland.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe conducted a population-based case-control study to better delineate the relationship between individual alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets in the surrounding environment, and being assaulted with a gun.
methodsAn incidence density sampled case-control study was conducted in the entire city of Philadelphia from 2003 to 2006. We enrolled 677 cases that had been shot in an assault and 684 population-based controls. The relationships between 2 independent variables of interest, alcohol consumption and alcohol outlet availability, and the outcome of being assaulted with a gun were analyzed. Conditional logistic regression was used to adjust for numerous confounding variables.
resultsAfter adjustment, heavy drinkers were 2.67 times as likely to be shot in an assault when compared with nondrinkers (p < 0.10) while light drinkers were not at significantly greater risk of being shot in an assault when compared with nondrinkers. Regression-adjusted analyses also demonstrated that being in an area of high off-premise alcohol outlet availability significantly increased the risk of being shot in an assault by 2.00 times (p < 0.05). Being in an area of high on-premise alcohol outlet availability did not significantly change this risk. Heavy drinkers in areas of high off-premise alcohol outlet availability were 9.34 times (p < 0.05) as likely to be shot in an assault.
conclusionsThis study finds that the gun assault risk to individuals who are near off-premise alcohol outlets is about the same as or statistically greater than the risk they incur from heavy drinking. The combination of heavy drinking and being near off-premise outlets resulted in greater risk than either factor alone. By comparison, light drinking and being near on-premise alcohol outlets were not associated with increased risks for gun assault. Cities should consider addressing alcohol-related factors, especially off-premise outlets, as highly modifiable and politically feasible approaches to reducing gun violence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.