ArticlePloS one2009
Dendritic cell-derived exosomes promote natural killer cell activation and proliferation: a role for NKG2D ligands and IL-15Ralpha.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 257 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
257 citing papers in PubMed, 429 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic health impact of cancer-associated extracellular vesicles and particles.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Lung tumour secretome and extracellular vesicles: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in solid tumors: from tumor ecology to engineered therapeutics.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Application of dendritic cell extracellular vesicles as a valid nanoparticle platform for cancer therapies: a narrative review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes in tumor immunotherapy.Investigational new drugs · 2026Review
- Look Who Is Talking: Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Intercellular and Interorgan Communication.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Metabolic licensing at the dendritic cell-NK cells immune synapse in viral asthma exacerbations.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The evolution of vaccine strategies for colorectal cancer: from conventional approaches to the mRNA era.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- iPSC-derived CAR-NK extracellular vesicles for non-small cell lung cancer: evidence, engineering, and translational barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune cell-derived exosomes in cancer: double-edged mechanisms of antitumor immunity and tumor progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Role of exosomes in cancer: from diagnosis to therapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles in Emerging Cancer Vaccine Platforms.Small science · 2025Review
- Biogenesis and functional implications of extracellular vesicles in cancer metastasis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review of using nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: Pros and Cons of clinical usage.3 Biotech · 2025Review
- Drug Delivery Systems Based on Dendritic-Cell-Derived Exosomes.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Exosome-mediated Crosstalk in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Critical Drivers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: mechanisms and novel insights.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Potential and development of cellular vesicle vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Harnessing the power of exosomes for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of hematological malignancies.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
197 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) derived-exosomes (Dex) are nanomeric vesicles harboring functional MHC/peptide complexes promoting T cell-dependent tumor rejection. In the first Phase I trial using peptide-pulsed Dex, the observation of clinical regressions in the absence of T cell responses prompted the search for alternate effector mechanisms. Mouse studies unraveled the bioactivity of Dex on NK cells. Indeed, Dex promoted an IL-15Ralpha- and NKG2D-dependent NK cell proliferation and activation respectively, resulting in anti-metastatic effects mediated by NK1.1(+) cells. In humans, Dex express functional IL-15Ralpha which allow proliferation and IFNgamma secretion by NK cells. In contrast to immature DC, human Dex harbor NKG2D ligands on their surface leading to a direct engagement of NKG2D and NK cell activation ex vivo. In our phase I clinical trial, we highlight the capacity of Dex based-vaccines to restore the number and NKG2D-dependent function of NK cells in 7/14 patients. Altogether, these data provide a mechanistic explanation on how Dex may stimulate non MHC restricted-anti-tumor effectors and induce tumor regression in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.