ArticleCancer research2009
Urinary levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites in relation to lung cancer development in two prospective cohorts of cigarette smokers.
Article in Cancer research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of Exposure and Biomarkers of Potential Harm in Adult Smokers Who Switch to e-Vapor Products Relative to Cigarette Smoking in a 24-week, Randomized, Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Differences in exposure to toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds between Black and White cigarette smokers.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2021Trial
- Ancestry informative genetic variants associated with tobacco metabolic and detoxification capacity measured by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) among smokers.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Tobacco-related urinary biomarkers and lung cancer risk in women, a case-cohort analysis.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Effects of unventilated versus ventilated filtered cigarettes on smoking behaviour and biomarkers of smoke exposure in a randomised clinical trial.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Lung cancer: Animal model of lung cancer, molecular carcinogenesis of lung cancer, and antitumor effect ofOpen veterinary journal · 2025Review
- LC-MS/MS analysis of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Spodoptera litura using the QuEChERS method.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dissection of Cancer Mutational Signatures with Individual Components of Cigarette Smoking.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Article
- Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Smoking-Related Toxicants with Lung Cancer Incidence in Smokers: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Suppressing the activation of protein kinase A as a DNA damage-independent mechanistic lead for dihydromethysticin prophylaxis of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis.Carcinogenesis · 2022Article
- Metabolism and DNA Adduct Formation of Tobacco-SpecificInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Characterization of adductomic totality of NNK, (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL in A/J mice, and their correlations with distinct lung carcinogenicity.Carcinogenesis · 2022Article
- Simultaneous analysis of urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, N'-nitrosonornicotine, and cotinine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Associations between Biomarkers of Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk among Exclusive Cigarette Smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia: preliminary findings examining diversity among the African diaspora.Ethnicity & health · 2021Article
- Concentrations of Cotinine and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) in U.S. Non-Daily Cigarette Smokers.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Article
- Relationship Between Urinary 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol and Lung Cancer Risk in the General Population: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2020Article
- Association between Metabolites and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Metabolites · 2020Review
- The Impact of One-week Dietary Supplementation with Kava on Biomarkers of Tobacco Use and Nitrosamine-based Carcinogenesis Risk among Active Smokers.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (sum of which is denoted as total NNAL) are metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). NNK and NNAL can induce lung cancer in laboratory animals but human data are limited. The association between prediagnostic levels of urinary total NNAL and risk of lung cancer development was evaluated in two prospective cohorts of Chinese cigarette smokers. We conducted a nested case-control study involving 246 cases of incident lung cancer and 245 cohort controls who were individually matched to the index cases by age, gender, neighborhood of residence at cohort enrollment, and date of urine collection. Urinary levels of total NNAL were significantly associated with risk of lung cancer in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to the lowest tertile, risks associated with the second and third tertiles of total NNAL were 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.86-2.37] and 2.11 (95% CI, 1.25-3.54), respectively (P for trend=0.005) after adjustment for self-reported smoking history and urinary total cotinine. Smokers in the highest tertiles of urinary total NNAL and total cotinine exhibited a 8.5-fold (95% CI, 3.7-19.5) increased risk for lung cancer relative to smokers with comparable smoking history but possessing the lowest tertiles of urinary total NNAL and total cotinine. Findings of the present study directly link NNK exposure to lung cancer development in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.