ArticleMalaria journal2009
Toll-like receptor polymorphisms in malaria-endemic populations.
Article in Malaria journal, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptor 2-mediated downstream cytokine levels as determinant of malaria pathogenesis.The Indian journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Network-driven analysis of human-Plasmodium falciparum interactome: processes for malaria drug discovery and extracting in silico targets.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Human Genetic Variation and HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea: Time to Connect the Dots.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Parasite Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms in Innate Immune Responses to Malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Association of TLR variants with susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria and parasitemia in the Amazon region of Brazil.PloS one · 2017Article
- Blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi induces differential Tlr expression in the liver of susceptible and vaccination-protected Balb/c mice.Parasitology research · 2016Article
- Genetic predisposition of variants in TLR2 and its co-receptors to severe malaria in Odisha, India.Immunologic research · 2016Article
- Association of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TIRAP polymorphisms with disease susceptibility.Immunologic research · 2015Review
- Tissue signatures influence the activation of intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells against malaria sporozoites.Frontiers in microbiology · 2014Review
- Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors.Current immunology reviews · 2013Article
- Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Article
- Multiple Genotypes of the Commonly Co-Segregating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in Baluchi Malaria Patients from Iran.Cell journal · 2013Article
- Article
- Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and cerebral malaria: TLR2 Δ22 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria in a case control study.Malaria journal · 2012Article
- The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2012Article
- Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases.Frontiers of medicine in China · 2010Review
- 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: neonatal immune function and vaccine responses in children born in low-income versus high-income countries.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2010Article
- A preliminary assessment ofPapua and New Guinea medical journalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundToll-like receptors (TLR) and related downstream signaling pathways of innate immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Because of their potential role in malaria pathogenesis, polymorphisms in these genes may be under selective pressure in populations where this infectious disease is endemic.
methodsA post-PCR Ligation Detection Reaction-Fluorescent Microsphere Assay (LDR-FMA) was developed to determine the frequencies of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, MyD88-Adaptor Like Protein (MAL) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and TLR2 length polymorphisms in 170 residents of two regions of Kenya where malaria transmission is stable and high (holoendemic) or episodic and low, 346 residents of a malaria holoendemic region of Papua New Guinea, and 261 residents of North America of self-identified ethnicity.
resultsThe difference in historical malaria exposure between the two Kenyan sites has significantly increased the frequency of malaria protective alleles glucose-6-phoshpate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and Hemoglobin S (HbS) in the holoendemic site compared to the episodic transmission site. However, this study detected no such difference in the TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and MAL allele frequencies between the two study sites. All polymorphisms were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium in the Kenyan and Papua New Guinean populations. TLR9 SNPs and length polymorphisms within the TLR2 5' untranslated region were the only mutant alleles present at a frequency greater than 10% in all populations.
conclusionSimilar frequencies of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and MAL genetic polymorphisms in populations with different histories of malaria exposure suggest that these innate immune pathways have not been under strong selective pressure by malaria. Genotype frequencies are consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the Neutral Theory, suggesting that genetic drift has influenced allele frequencies to a greater extent than selective pressure from malaria or any other infectious agents in these populations.
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