ArticlePain2009
Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants.
Article in Pain, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06638086 (Effectiveness Of Intravenous Vs Rectal Acetaminophen For Pain Management In Post Operative Neonates; A Randomised Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 162 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness Of Intravenous Vs Rectal Acetaminophen For Pain Management In Post Operative Neonates; A Randomised Controlled Trial
Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 489 citations in OpenAlex.
- Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of parent-administered massage-based multimodal interventions on health outcomes in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Opioid equipotency conversions for hospitalized infants: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of neonatal intensive care unit antibiotics on gut bacterial microbiota of preterm infants: a systematic review.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic review of the impact of intensive care admissions on post discharge cognition in children.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Stressors from the Total Environment Associated with Children's General Cognitive Ability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Methodological Issues in the Study of the Development of Pain Responsivity in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- The effect of facilitated tucking position during painful procedure in pain management of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Development of Cardiovascular Indices of Acute Pain Responding in Infants: A Systematic Review.Pain research & management · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- 'I Did Not Know We Could Exercise This Small Premature Baby': Challenges Experienced by Parents While Implementing Early Intervention for Their Preterm Infants-A Qualitative Perspective.Child: care, health and development · 2025Trial
- Effects of fentanyl and sucrose on pain in retinopathy examinations with pain scale, near-infrared spectroscopy, and ultrasonography: a randomized trial.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Trial
- Neonatal pain response to automatic lancet versus needle heel-prick blood sampling: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society · 2020Trial
- Oxidative Stress as a Physiological Pain Response in Full-Term Newborns.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Pain Management During Neonatal Blood Sampling: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.Paediatric & neonatal pain · 2026Review
- Association Between Neonatal Pain Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Observational Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Long-term impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on somatosensory function in preterm born children.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Opioid exposure on the preterm brain: qualitative and quantitative MRI analysis.Intensive care medicine. Paediatric and neonatal · 2026Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Procedural pain in the neonatal intensive care unit triggers a cascade of physiological, behavioral and hormonal disruptions which may contribute to altered neurodevelopment in infants born very preterm, who undergo prolonged hospitalization at a time of physiological immaturity and rapid brain development. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between cumulative procedural pain (number of skin-breaking procedures from birth to term, adjusted for early illness severity and overall intravenous morphine exposure), and later cognitive, motor abilities and behavior in very preterm infants at 8 and 18 months corrected chronological age (CCA), and further, to evaluate the extent to which parenting factors modulate these relationships over time. Participants were N=211 infants (n=137 born preterm 32 weeks gestational age [GA] and n=74 full-term controls) followed prospectively since birth. Infants with significant neonatal brain injury (periventricular leucomalacia, grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage) and/or major sensori-neural impairments, were excluded. Poorer cognition and motor function were associated with higher number of skin-breaking procedures, independent of early illness severity, overall intravenous morphine, and exposure to postnatal steroids. The number of skin-breaking procedures as a marker of neonatal pain was closely related to days on mechanical ventilation. In general, greater overall exposure to intravenous morphine was associated with poorer motor development at 8 months, but not at 18 months CCA, however, specific protocols for morphine administration were not evaluated. Lower parenting stress modulated effects of neonatal pain, only on cognitive outcome at 18 months.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.