ArticleImmunity2009
Initial clonal expansion of germinal center B cells takes place at the perimeter of follicles.
Article in Immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stress triggers global histone synthesis in the liver.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Extrafollicular and other non-germinal center B cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- The multilayered identity of B cell memory.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- miR-155 aberrant expression impairs tumor rejection because of its targeting of ICOSL and multiple pathways implicated in the antitumor response.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Dynamics of local B cell migration during affinity maturation in the human tonsil.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Tissue-Resident T Cells That Promote Humoral Immunity: Emerging From the Shadow of T Follicular Helper Cells.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Molecular Biology and Functions of T Follicular Helper Cells in Cancer and Immunotherapy.Immune network · 2025Review
- Identification of antibodies induced by immunization with the syphilis vaccine candidate Tp0751.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Activation of CXCR3Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Signaling Activation and Modulation in Extrafollicular B Cell Responses.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Bioavailability, Metabolism, and Excretion of [Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2025Article
- Biomarker expression level changes within rectal gut-associated lymphoid tissues in spinal cord-injured rats.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Structure and sequence engineering approaches to improve in vivo expression of nucleic acid-delivered antibodies.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Single-B cell analysis correlates high-lactate secretion with stress and increased apoptosis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A multiscale spatial modeling framework for the germinal center response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Induces p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Activated B Cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Immune cells use active tugging forces to distinguish affinity and accelerate evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The role of antigen availability during B cell induction and its effect on sustained memory and antibody production after infection and vaccination-lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- Taking the EZ way: Targeting enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in B-cell lymphomas.Blood reviews · 2022Review
- CD137L and CD4 T cells limit BCL6-expressing pre-germinal center B cell expansion and BCL6-driven B cell malignancy.Immunology and cell biology · 2022Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current models of the germinal center (GC) response propose that after stimulation at the edges of T cell zones, pre-GC B cells directly migrate to the center of follicles and proliferate to form GCs. We followed the interrelationship of proliferation, differentiation, and microenvironmental locale in populations of pre-GC B cells responding to antigen. In contrast to the predictions of current models, after accumulation at the T-B interface, these cells appeared at the perimeter of follicles adjacent to the marginal zone. There, they rapidly proliferated for several days but underwent no V gene hypermutation and little heavy-chain class switching. Their chemokine receptor expression pattern indicated that these cells were sessile, yet they had begun to acquire many phenotypic characteristics of GC B cells. The expanded clones were subsequently observed in the center of follicles, suggesting that GCs are created by coalescence of B cells from this follicular perimeter response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.