ArticleThe EMBO journal2009
Acid sphingomyelinase activity triggers microparticle release from glial cells.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 361 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
361 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 577 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Acupuncture on the p38 Signaling Pathway in Several Nervous System Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Bilberry Supplementation after Myocardial Infarction Decreases Microvesicles in Blood and Affects Endothelial Vesiculation.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2020Trial
- Beyond spherical vesicles: morphological diversity of extracellular vesicles in health and disease.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Electrical Stimulation-Induced Modulation of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Therapy.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Proteomic comparison of human neural cell-derived extracellular vesicles and parental cells from Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal individuals.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- The Potentials of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Ferroptosis Modulation: Molecular Insights into Hepatoprotection, Neuroprotection, Cardioprotection, Renoprotection and Pulmonoprotection.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma Cells Expressing Oncogenic EGFR Release Multiple Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations Positive or Negative for EGFR.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Pathophysiological Roles of Obesity-Induced Alterations in Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- Tissue regeneration strategies based on mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: from bench to bedside.Burns & trauma · 2026Review
- Evidence for microvesicle particles and platelet-activating factor as effectors for systemic effects of thermal burn injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The emerging role of brain-derived microparticles in trauma-induced coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Microglial Extracellular Vesicles Mediate C1q Deposition at the Pre-Synapse and Promote Synaptic Pruning.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 1‑Driven Coagulation via Tissue Factor-Bearing Microvesicles: A Pilot Study.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Review
- The Molecular Dynamics of Extracellular Vesicles and their Protein Corona in the Secretomes of Stem Cells.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2025Review
- Purinergic and extracellular vesicle signaling in alcohol-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown and neuroimmune activation.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Review
- Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Sphingolipids and Ceramides in Brain Development.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Sorafenib generates microvesicle particles in non-small cell lung cancer.Tumor discovery · 2025Article
- Small Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery, and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Multifaceted Role of P2X7R in Microglia and Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
301 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We have earlier shown that microglia, the immune cells of the CNS, release microparticles from cell plasma membrane after ATP stimulation. These vesicles contain and release IL-1beta, a crucial cytokine in CNS inflammatory events. In this study, we show that microparticles are also released by astrocytes and we get insights into the mechanism of their shedding. We show that, on activation of the ATP receptor P2X7, microparticle shedding is associated with rapid activation of acid sphingomyelinase, which moves to plasma membrane outer leaflet. ATP-induced shedding and IL-1beta release are markedly reduced by the inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase, and completely blocked in glial cultures from acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice. We also show that p38 MAPK cascade is relevant for the whole process, as specific kinase inhibitors strongly reduce acid sphingomyelinase activation, microparticle shedding and IL-1beta release. Our results represent the first demonstration that activation of acid sphingomyelinase is necessary and sufficient for microparticle release from glial cells and define key molecular effectors of microparticle formation and IL-1beta release, thus, opening new strategies for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.