ArticleBMC genomics2009
Independent evolution of neurotoxin and flagellar genetic loci in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum.
Article in BMC genomics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
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- Tracing Foodborne Botulism Events Caused by Clostridium botulinum in Xinjiang Province, China, Using a Core Genome Sequence Typing Scheme.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Extensive Genome Exploration ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins.Microorganisms · 2021Review
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- Pan-Genomic Analysis ofToxins · 2020Article
- The orphan germinant receptor protein GerXAO (but not GerX3b) is essential for L-alanine induced germination in Clostridium botulinum Group II.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Botulinum neurotoxin-encoding plasmids can be conjugatively transferred to diverse clostridial strains.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Entry of Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtypes A1 and A2 into Neurons.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Comparative pathogenomics of Clostridium tetani.PloS one · 2017Article
- An Integrative Approach to Computational Modelling of the Gene Regulatory Network Controlling Clostridium botulinum Type A1 Toxin Production.PLoS computational biology · 2016Article
- Impact ofCurrent opinion in food science · 2016Review
- Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium sporogenes Strain UC9000 Isolated from Raw Milk.Genome announcements · 2016Article
- Evolution of Chromosomal Clostridium botulinum Type E Neurotoxin Gene Clusters: Evidence Provided by Their Rare Plasmid-Borne Counterparts.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
- Mechanism of substrate recognition by the novel Botulinum Neurotoxin subtype F5.Scientific reports · 2016Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProteolytic Clostridium botulinum is the causative agent of botulism, a severe neuroparalytic illness. Given the severity of botulism, surprisingly little is known of the population structure, biology, phylogeny or evolution of C. botulinum. The recent determination of the genome sequence of C. botulinum has allowed comparative genomic indexing using a DNA microarray.
resultsWhole genome microarray analysis revealed that 63% of the coding sequences (CDSs) present in reference strain ATCC 3502 were common to all 61 widely-representative strains of proteolytic C. botulinum and the closely related C. sporogenes tested. This indicates a relatively stable genome. There was, however, evidence for recombination and genetic exchange, in particular within the neurotoxin gene and cluster (including transfer of neurotoxin genes to C. sporogenes), and the flagellar glycosylation island (FGI). These two loci appear to have evolved independently from each other, and from the remainder of the genetic complement. A number of strains were atypical; for example, while 10 out of 14 strains that formed type A1 toxin gave almost identical profiles in whole genome, neurotoxin cluster and FGI analyses, the other four strains showed divergent properties. Furthermore, a new neurotoxin sub-type (A5) has been discovered in strains from heroin-associated wound botulism cases. For the first time, differences in glycosylation profiles of the flagella could be linked to differences in the gene content of the FGI.
conclusionProteolytic C. botulinum has a stable genome backbone containing specific regions of genetic heterogeneity. These include the neurotoxin gene cluster and the FGI, each having evolved independently of each other and the remainder of the genetic complement. Analysis of these genetic components provides a high degree of discrimination of strains of proteolytic C. botulinum, and is suitable for clinical and forensic investigations of botulism outbreaks.
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