ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2009
Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome--influence of age.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of autoimmune diseases in turner syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.European journal of endocrinology · 2024Guideline
- Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients With Turner Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among the Turner Syndrome patients: meta-analysis of cross sectional studies.BMC research notes · 2018Pooled it
- Safety and Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Children with Turner Syndrome: Data from the PATRO Children Study.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2021Trial
- Co-occurrence of Gitelman syndrome and turner syndrome: a Case Report and literature review.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Clinical analysis of karyotypes and phenotypes in 87 cases of Turner syndrome during transitional period.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Characterization of Turner Syndrome-associated Diabetes Mellitus.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Elevated levels of neutrophils with a pro-inflammatory profile in Turner syndrome across karyotypes.NPJ genomic medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Analysis of influencing factors on Turner syndrome combined with autoimmune thyroid disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Lifelong medical challenges and immunogenetics of Turner syndrome.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Psychiatric disorders and comorbidity in women with Turner Syndrome: a retrospective national cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Metabolic Risk in Patients with a Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Turner Syndrome where are we?Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2024Review
- Transition from pediatric to adult care in patients with Turner syndrome in Italy: a consensus statement by the TRAMITI project.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Article
- Autoimmune Disease in Turner Syndrome in Sweden: An up to 25 Years' Controlled Follow-up Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Evaluating the relationship between the proportion of X-chromosome deletions and clinical manifestations in children with turner syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Incidence and risk factors of hearing loss in patients with Turner Syndrome.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Bioinformatic analysis identifies the immunological profile of turner syndrome with different X chromosome origins.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Individuals with Turner syndrome (TS) are prone to develop autoimmune conditions such as coeliac disease (CD), thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The objective of the present study was to examine TS of various karyotypes for autoantibodies and corresponding diseases. This was investigated in a prospective cross-sectional study of Danish TS patients (n = 107, median age 36.7 years, range: 6-60 years). A medical history was recorded and a blood sample was analysed for autoantibodies against gliadin, transglutaminase, adrenal cortex, intrinsic factor, anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and glutamic-acid-decarboxylase 65 (GAD-65). Autoantibodies were present in 58% (n = 61) of all patients, whereof 18% (11) had autoantibodies targeting more than one organ. Patients with autoantibodies were significantly older than those without (P = 0.001). Anti-TPO was present in 45% (48) of patients, of whom 33% (16) were hypothyroid. Overall, 18% (19) presented with CD autoantibodies, of whom 26% (five) had CD. Anti-TPO and CD autoantibodies co-existed in 9% (10). Immunoglobulin A deficiency was found in 3% (three) of patients, who all had CD autoantibodies without disease. Among four patients with anti-GAD-65 none had T1DM, but two were classified as having T2DM. One patient had adrenocortical autoantibodies but not adrenal failure. Autoantibodies against intrinsic factor were absent. Anti-GAD-65 was increased in isochromosomal karyotypes (3/23 versus 1/84, P = 0.008) with no other association found between autoantibodies and karyotype. In conclusion, TS girls and women face a high prevalence of autoimmunity and associated disease with a preponderance towards hypothyroidism and CD. Thus, health care providers dealing with this patient group should be observant and test liberally for these conditions even before clinical symptoms emerge.
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