ArticleJournal of virology2009
CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates have a lower level of pathogenic fitness than other dominant group M subtypes: implications for the epidemic.
Article in Journal of virology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- HIV-1 subtype C predicted co-receptor tropism in Africa: an individual sequence level meta-analysis.AIDS research and therapy · 2020Pooled it
- The Origins and Genetic Diversity of HIV-1: Evolutionary Insights and Global Health Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- HIV-1 latency: From acquaintance to confidant.Journal of virus eradication · 2025Review
- Article
- Assessing HIV-1 subtype C infection dynamics, therapeutic responses and reservoir distribution using a humanized mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- HIV-1 subtype A1, D, and recombinant proviral genome landscapes during long-term suppressive therapy.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Replicative fitness and pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses in lymphoid tissue, primary human and chimpanzee cells: relation to possible jumps to humans.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Highly Sensitive Analysis of Cervical Mucosal HIV-1 Infection Using Reporter Viruses Expressing Secreted Nanoluciferase.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- HIV-1 Transmission Cluster in Injection Drug Users in Nairobi City, Kenya.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2023Article
- Mucosal Responses to Zika Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Alafenamide for HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Foreskin Tissue.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- An additional NF-κB site allows HIV-1 subtype C to evade restriction by nuclear PYHIN proteins.Cell reports · 2021Article
- HIV-1 molecular diversity in Brazil unveiled by 10 years of sampling by the national genotyping network.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Subtype-specific differences in Gag-protease replication capacity of HIV-1 isolates from East and West Africa.Retrovirology · 2021Article
- HIV-1Viruses · 2021Article
- Deep Gene Sequence Cluster Analyses of Multi-Virus-Infected Mucosal Tissue Reveal Enhanced Transmission of Acute HIV-1.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Infection by Diverse HIV-1 Subtypes Leads to Different Elevations in HERV-K Transcriptional Levels in Human T Cell Lines.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Understanding the mechanisms driving the spread of subtype C HIV-1.EBioMedicine · 2020Review
- Nef-mediated inhibition of NFAT following TCR stimulation differs between HIV-1 subtypes.Virology · 2019Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C is the dominant subtype globally, due largely to the incidence of subtype C infections in sub-Saharan Africa and east Asia. We compared the relative replicative fitness (ex vivo) of the major (M) group of HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, and CRF01_AE and group O isolates. To estimate pathogenic fitness, pairwise competitions were performed between CCR5-tropic (R5) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) virus isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A general fitness order was observed among 33 HIV-1 isolates; subtype B and D HIV-1 isolates were slightly more fit than the subtype A and dramatically more fit than the 12 subtype C isolates. All group M isolates were more fit (ex vivo) than the group O isolates. To estimate ex vivo transmission fitness, a subset of primary HIV-1 isolates were examined in primary human explants from penile, cervical, and rectal tissues. Only R5 isolates and no X4 HIV-1 isolates could replicate in these tissues, whereas the spread to PM1 cells was dependent on active replication and passive virus transfer. In tissue competition experiments, subtype C isolates could compete with and, in some cases, even win over subtype A and D isolates. However, when the migratory cells from infected tissues were mixed with a susceptible cell line, the subtype C isolates were outcompeted by other subtypes, as observed in experiments with PBMC. These findings suggest that subtype C HIV-1 isolates might have equal transmission fitness but reduced pathogenic fitness relative to other group M HIV-1 isolates.
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