ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2009
Gamma-tocotrienol and gamma-tocopherol are primarily metabolized to conjugated 2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxy-2,7,8-trimethylchroman and sulfated long-chain carboxychromanols in rats.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combining vitamin E metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol and a lactic acid bacterium synergistically mitigates colitis and colitis-associated dysbiosis in mice.Free radical biology & medicine · 2025Article
- The Role of Vitamin E Isoforms and Metabolites in Cancer Prevention: Mechanistic Insights into Sphingolipid Metabolism Modulation.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Human Vitamin E deficiency, and what is and is not Vitamin E?Free radical biology & medicine · 2024Review
- Strategies to Enhance the Solubility and Bioavailability of Tocotrienols Using Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Metabolism of natural forms of vitamin E and biological actions of vitamin E metabolites.Free radical biology & medicine · 2022Article
- Gamma-tocopherol, a major form of vitamin E in diets: Insights into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mechanisms, and roles in disease management.Free radical biology & medicine · 2022Article
- Tocotrienol Supplementation Led to Higher Serum Levels of Lysophospholipids but Lower Acylcarnitines in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Are Bioavailable in Rats and Primarily Excreted in Feces as the Intact Forms and 13'-Carboxychromanol Metabolites.The Journal of nutrition · 2020Article
- Diversity of Chromanol and Chromenol Structures and Functions: An Emerging Class of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Carcinogenic Agents.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- The Role of Tocotrienol in Protecting Against Metabolic Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Endogenous metabolites of vitamin E limit inflammation by targeting 5-lipoxygenase.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Natural 6-hydroxy-chromanols and -chromenols: structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways and health implications.RSC advances · 2018Review
- Methods for efficient analysis of tocopherols, tocotrienols and their metabolites in animal samples with HPLC-EC.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2018Article
- Natural Forms of Vitamin E as Effective Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Review
- Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Tocotrienol Combined with Chemotherapeutic Agents or Dietary Components: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Review
- Vitamin E metabolite 13'-carboxychromanols inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, induce apoptosis and autophagy in human cancer cells by modulating sphingolipids and suppress colon tumor development in mice.Free radical biology & medicine · 2016Article
- Complexity of vitamin E metabolism.World journal of biological chemistry · 2016Review
- Analysis of vitamin E metabolites including carboxychromanols and sulfated derivatives using LC/MS/MS.Journal of lipid research · 2015Article
- Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy.Free radical biology & medicine · 2014Review
- Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: a review.Nutrition & metabolism · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The metabolism of gamma-tocotrienol (gamma-TE) and gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) was investigated in human A549 cells and in rats. Similar to gamma-T, A549 cells metabolized gamma-TE to sulfated 9'-, 11'-, and 13'-carboxychromanol and their unconjugated counterparts. After 72-h incubation with the cells, 90% of long-chain carboxychromanols in the culture media from gamma-TE, but <45% from gamma-T, were in the sulfated form. The formation of these metabolites was further investigated in rats gavaged by gamma-TE at 10 or 50 mg/kg, gamma-T at 10 mg/kg, or tocopherol-stripped corn oil in controls. Six hours after a single dosing, the supplemented rats had increased plasma concentrations of 13'-carboxychromanol and sulfated 9'-, 11'-, 13'-carboxychromanol, whereas none of these metabolites were detectable in the controls. Sulfated 11'-carboxychromanol was the most abundant long-chain metabolite in gamma-TE-supplemented rats. Sulfatase/glucuronidase hydrolysis revealed for the first time that >88% 2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), the terminal beta-oxidation metabolite, was in the conjugated form in the plasma. In all groups, conjugated gamma-CEHC accounted for >75% of total metabolites, whereas free CEHC was a minor metabolite. At 10 mg/kg, the plasma concentrations of total metabolites from gamma-TE-supplemented rats were higher (P < 0.05) than those from gamma-T-fed rats. These results demonstrate that in rats, conjugation such as sulfation occurs parallel to beta-oxidation in the liver and is quantitatively important to vitamin E metabolism. Conjugated long-chain carboxychromanols may be novel excreted metabolites during supplementation. Our data also provide in vivo evidence that gamma-TE is more extensively metabolized than gamma-T.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.