ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2009
Racial disparities in HIV virologic failure: do missed visits matter?
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Essential components of effective HIV care: a policy paper of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Ryan White Medical Providers Coalition.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2011Guideline
- The State of Adherence to HIV Care in Black Women.The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANACPooled it
- The COMEBACK Study: Social Determinants of Health Impact on Virologic Suppression in a 48-Week Low-Barrier-Care Study of Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Reinitiation Among Persons With HIV Lost to Care.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Precision medicine evaluation of heterogeneity of treatment effect for a time-to-event outcome with application in a trial of Initial treatment for people living with HIV.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2025Trial
- "Get Ready and Empowered About Treatment" (GREAT) Study: a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Activation in Persons Living with HIV.Journal of general internal medicine · 2019Trial
- Randomized Trial of a Health Coaching Intervention to Enhance Retention in Care: California Collaborative Treatment Group 594.AIDS and behavior · 2018Trial
- Exploring the HIV continuum of care among young black MSM.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Pilot RCT of bidirectional text messaging for ART adherence among nonurban substance users with HIV.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2015Trial
- Activation of persons living with HIV for treatment, the great study.BMC public health · 2015Trial
- Effects of an intervention addressing information, motivation, and behavioral skills on HIV care adherence in a southern clinic cohort.AIDS care · 2014Trial
- Factors associated with remaining on initial randomized efavirenz-containing regimens.AIDS (London, England) · 2013Trial
- Understanding how adherence goals promote adherence behaviours: a repeated measure observational study with HIV seropositive patients.BMC public health · 2012Trial
- Disparities in outcomes for African American and Latino subjects in the Flexible Initial Retrovirus Suppressive Therapies (FIRST) trial.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2010Trial
- Examining Associations between COVID-19 Distress, Multilevel Resilience, and HIV Viral Suppression among African American/Black Adults in the Southeastern United States.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2026Observational
- Disparities in screening, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes mellitus among people with HIV at a large southeastern academic health center.HIV research & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Article
- Follow-Up Time of Anal Cancer Screening among Women Living with HIV at High Risk of Developing Anal Cancer.Oncology research and treatment · 2025Article
- Epidemiological Characteristics of HIV-Infected Individuals by the Registration for Special Exempted Calculation: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Infection & chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Strengthening Community Responses to Economic vulnerability (SeCuRE): a protocol of an HIV status-neutral pilot randomized clinical trial with transgender women of color in Detroit, Michigan.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2024Article
- An Integrated mHealth App for Smoking Cessation in Black Smokers With HIV: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial/ethnic health care disparities are well described in people living with HIV/AIDS, although the processes underlying observed disparities are not well elucidated.
methodsA retrospective analysis nested in the University of Alabama at Birmingham 1917 Clinic Cohort observational HIV study evaluated patients between August 2004 and January 2007. Factors associated with appointment nonadherence, a proportion of missed outpatient visits, were evaluated. Next, the role of appointment nonadherence in explaining the relationship between African American race and virologic failure (plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/mL) was examined using a staged multivariable modeling approach.
resultsAmong 1221 participants, a broad distribution of appointment nonadherence was observed, with 40% of patients missing at least 1 in every 4 scheduled visits. The adjusted odds of appointment nonadherence were 1.85 times higher in African American patients compared with whites [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.61 to 2.14]. Appointment nonadherence was associated with virologic failure (odds ratio = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.13) and partially mediated the relationship between African American race and virologic failure. African Americans had 1.56 times the adjusted odds of virologic failure (95% CI = 1.19 to 2.05), which declined to 1.30 (95% CI = 0.98 to 1.72) when controlling for appointment nonadherence, a hypothesized mediator.
conclusionsAppointment nonadherence was more common in African American patients, associated with virologic failure, and seemed to explain part of observed racial disparities in virologic failure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.