ArticleParasite immunology2009
A novel sphingomyelinase-like enzyme in Ixodes scapularis tick saliva drives host CD4 T cells to express IL-4.
Article in Parasite immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Prevalence of Alpha-Gal IgE among Patients with Confirmed Lyme Serology Result.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Article
- Anti-IL-4, Anti-IL-17, and Anti-IFN-Gamma Activity in the Saliva ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Ticks' tricks: immunomodulatory effects of ixodid tick saliva at the cutaneous tick-host interface.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A Brief Overview of the Toxic Sphingomyelinase Ds of Brown Recluse Spider Venom and Other Organisms and Simple Methods To Detect Production of Its Signature Cyclic Ceramide Phosphate.Molecular pharmacology · 2024Article
- Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Acquired tick resistance: The trail is hot.Parasite immunology · 2021Review
- Sphingomyelinase D Activity inToxins · 2021Article
- Ticks: More Than Just a Pathogen Delivery Service.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Tick Saliva and the Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Finding a Needle in a Haystack.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Immune Response toCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2021Article
- B Cell Responses in the Development of Mammalian Meat Allergy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Tick-Borne Flavivirus Inhibits Sphingomyelinase (Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of origin and loss in the deep history of phospholipase D toxin genes.BMC evolutionary biology · 2018Article
- Ticks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions.Veterinary sciences · 2018Review
- A deep insight into the male and female sialotranscriptome of adult Culex tarsalis mosquitoes.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2018Article
- A Tick Vector Transmission Model of Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Variable Substrate Preference among Phospholipase D Toxins from Sicariid Spiders.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2015Article
- Influence of pH control in the formation of inclusion bodies during production of recombinant sphingomyelinase-D in Escherichia coli.Microbial cell factories · 2014Article
- A Polychaete's powerful punch: venom gland transcriptomics of Glycera reveals a complex cocktail of toxin homologs.Genome biology and evolution · 2014Article
- Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tick feeding modulates host immune responses. Tick-induced skewing of host CD4(+) T cells towards a Th2 cytokine profile facilitates transmission of tick-borne pathogens that would otherwise be neutralized by Th1 cytokines. Tick-derived factors that drive this Th2 response have not previously been characterized. In the current study, we examined an I. scapularis cDNA library prepared at 18-24 h of feeding and identified and expressed a tick gene with homology to Loxosceles spider venom proteins with sphingomyelinase activity. This I. scapularis sphingomyelinase-like (IsSMase) protein is a Mg(2+)-dependent, neutral (pH 7.4) form of sphingomyelinase. Significantly, in an in vivo TCR transgenic adoptive transfer assay IsSMase programmed host CD4(+) T cells to express the hallmark Th2 effector cytokine IL-4. IsSMase appears to directly programme host CD4 T cell IL-4 expression (as opposed to its metabolic by-products) because induced IL-4 expression was not altered when enzymatic activity was neutralized. TCR transgenic CD4 T cell proliferation (CFSE-dilution) was also significantly increased by IsSMase. Furthermore, a Th2 response is superimposed onto a virally primed Th1 response by IsSMase. Thus, IsSMase is the first identified tick molecule capable of programming host CD4(+) T cells to express IL-4.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.