ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2009
Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor 4 are present in human saliva and modulate tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion by macrophage-like cells.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential profiles of soluble and cellular toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and 4 in chronic periodontitis.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Impact of Recreational Diving to a Depth of 40 m on Selected Intracellular DAMPs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Redefinition of the toll-like receptor repertoire inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- TLR2 and TLR4 Are Expressed in Epiretinal Membranes: Possible Links with Vitreous Levels of Complement Fragments and DAMP-Related Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Soluble form of the MDA5 protein in human sera.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Changes in saliva protein profile throughout Rhipicephalus microplus blood feeding.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Serum soluble toll-like receptor 4 and risk for clinical severity in COVID-19 patients.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Immunomodulatory Gene-Splicing Dysregulation in Tumorigenesis: Unmasking the Complexity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Periodontitis and cardiometabolic disorders: The role of lipopolysaccharide and endotoxemia.Periodontology 2000 · 2022Review
- Alternative pre-mRNA splicing as a mechanism for terminating Toll-like Receptor signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Potential Role of Soluble Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 as Therapeutic Agents in Stroke and Brain Hemorrhage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Oral lichen planus: a microbiologist point of view.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2021Review
- Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology.Journal of immunology research · 2021Review
- Serum soluble Toll-like receptor 4 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus patients.Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2020Article
- Analysis of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Milk: Detection of Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms.Journal of immunology research · 2019Article
- Soluble Toll-Like Receptor 4 Impairs the Interaction of Shiga Toxin 2a with Human Serum Amyloid P Component.Toxins · 2018Article
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In health, mucosal inflammation is prevented by tightly regulated responses via Toll-like receptors (TLR) that interact with specific microbe associated molecular patterns. Currently, 13 TLRs have been identified. Based on the specificity of ligand recognition, TLR-2 and TLR-4 can recognize most oral commensal microorganisms. Recent identification of some soluble TLRs (sTLRs) suggests additional regulatory roles for these receptors. We report here the presence of sTLR-4 polypeptides in adult human saliva. Functionally, the salivary sTLR-4 suppressed cytokine secretion by activated macrophages. The sTLR-4 levels were elevated significantly in oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterized by clinical persistence. In contrast, the epithelial cells in the saliva of OLP subjects expressed significantly reduced TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA that correlated with fewer bacteria/salivary epithelial cells. Investigating the soluble and cellular components of saliva is useful in identifying potential biomarkers for oral mucosal lesions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.