ArticleArchives of dermatology2009
Lupus erythematosus tumidus: response to antimalarial treatment in 36 patients with emphasis on smoking.
Article in Archives of dermatology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Recommendations for the use of CLASI as an outcome measure in cutaneous lupus erythematosus clinical trials.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Article
- An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Ashes to Rashes: An Exploration of the Intersection Between Smoking and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Characterization of Clinicopathological Features and Autoantibody Profiles in Patients with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Article
- Successful treatment of a child's lupus erythematosus tumidus with antimalarials.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2023Article
- Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2022Review
- Does smoking affect your skin?Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2021Review
- The CLASI, a validated tool for the evaluation of skin disease in lupus erythematosus: a narrative review.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Review
- Lupus erythematosus tumidus: clinical perspectives.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2019Article
- Natural history of disease activity and damage in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2018Article
- Lupus erythematosus tumidus: A case and discussion of a rare entity in black patients.JAAD case reports · 2016Article
- The Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2015Review
- Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Monotherapy in Patients with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Results of Proof-of-Concept Study.Dermatology reports · 2015Article
- Lupus erythematosus tumidus: a unique disease entity.Hawai'i journal of medicine & public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health · 2014Article
- Results of a specific smoking cessation program for patients with arthritis in a rheumatology clinic.Rheumatology international · 2014Observational
- Update on pathogenesis and treatment of CLE.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2013Review
- Atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2013Review
- Update on Epidemiology and Clinical Assessment Tools of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus and Dermatomyositis.Current dermatology reports · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the efficacy of antimalarial drug use in patients with lupus erythematosus tumidus.
designRetrospective single-center study.
settingDermatologic clinic at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients with multifocal lupus erythematosus tumidus. Intervention Treatment with either chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulfate.
main outcome measuresCutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index score.
resultsTreatment with antimalarial drugs resulted in a significant reduction in the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index score, from 4 (range, 2-8) at baseline to 1 (range, 0-6) after 3 months of therapy (P < .001). Twenty-two patients (61%) exhibited complete or almost complete clearance of skin lesions, consistent with a clinical score of 0 or 1. No difference in efficacy was noted between the chloroquine-treated group and the hydroxychloroquine-treated group (P = .40). Adverse effects (nausea, dizziness, and headache) occurred only in patients treated with chloroquine. Twenty-eight patients (78%) were smokers, and smokers had a significantly higher mean (SD) clinical score than nonsmokers (5.1 [1.8] vs 3.3 [1.6]; P = .03). Moreover, smokers had a significantly lower reduction in clinical score with antimalarial treatment compared with nonsmokers (r = 0.30; P = .03; 95% confidence interval, -0.05 to 0.57). Eighty-eight percent of nonsmokers (7 of 8 patients) but only 57% of smokers (16 of 28 patients) had a clinical score of 1 or 0 after 3 months of treatment with antimalarial drugs.
conclusionsThese retrospective study findings demonstrate that antimalarial treatment is highly effective in multifocal lupus erythematosus tumidus. Lower incidence of adverse effects and equal efficacy might favor the use of hydroxychloroquine. Patients who smoke should be encouraged to join smoking cessation programs because they will respond better to antimalarial treatment.
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