ArticleStroke2009
Immune response in human cerebral cavernous malformations.
Article in Stroke, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- CXCL13⁺ CD4⁺ T cells are associated with B-cell recruitment and lesion progression in cerebral cavernous malformations.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- TIE2 links MEKK3-KLF2/4 and PI3K signaling in cerebral cavernous malformation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- The Role of Immune Infiltration and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Pathophysiology, Genetics, Biomarkers, and Treatment Perspectives.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Integration of artificial intelligence and high-content screening enabled identification of drugs for long-term treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- KRIT1 in vascular biology and beyond.Bioscience reports · 2024Review
- Single-cell and bulk RNA-seq unveils the immune infiltration landscape associated with cuproptosis in cerebral cavernous malformations.Biomarker research · 2024Article
- Peripheral macrophages in the development and progression of structural cerebrovascular pathologies.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Review
- Transcriptomic signatures of individual cell types in cerebral cavernous malformation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- mTORC1 Inhibitor Rapamycin Inhibits Growth of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation in Adult Mice.Stroke · 2023Article
- Inflammatory Mechanisms in a Neurovascular Disease: Cerebral Cavernous Malformation.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Plasma metabolites with mechanistic and clinical links to the neurovascular disease cavernous angioma.Communications medicine · 2023Article
- KRIT1-mediated regulation of neutrophil adhesion and motility.The FEBS journal · 2023Article
- A feasibility study for quantitative assessment of cerebrovascular malformations using flutriciclamide ([Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Dysregulated Hemostasis and Immunothrombosis in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Pathogenesis: Investigating Lesion Formation and Progression with Animal Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps in cerebral cavernous malformation.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Article
- Article
- Childhood stroke.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposePreliminary observations suggesting the presence of B and plasma cells and oligoclonality of immunoglobulin (Ig) G in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) have motivated a systematic study correlating the infiltration of the immune cells with clinical activity and antigen-triggered immune response in surgically excised lesions.
methodsInfiltration of plasma, B, T, and human leukocyte antigen-DR-expressing cells and macrophages within 23 excised CCM was related to clinical activity. Relative amounts of Ig isotypes were determined. IgG clonality of mRNA from CCM was assessed by spectratyping, cloning, and sequencing.
resultsInfiltration of the immune cells ranged widely within CCM lesions, and cells were generally coexpressed with each other. Immune cell infiltration did not associate with recent bleeding and lesion growth. Significantly more B lymphocytes in CCM lesions were associated with venous anomaly. More T cells were present in solitary lesions. More T cells and less macrophages were present in CCM from younger subjects. IgG isotype was present in all CCM lesions. Most lesions also expressed IgM and IgA, with IgM predominance over IgA correlating with recent CCM growth. Oligoclonality was shown in IgG mRNA from CCM, but not from peripheral blood lymphocytes, with only 8 complementary-determining region 3 sequences observed among 134 clones from 2 CCM lesions.
conclusionsAn antigen-directed oligoclonal IgG immune response is present within CCM lesions regardless of recent clinical activity. Apparent differences in immune response in younger patients and in lesions with recent growth will need confirmation in other series. The pathogenicity of oligoclonal immune response will require systematic hypothesis testing in recently available CCM murine models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.