ArticleBlood2009
Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies and myeloid cell immune functions in healthy subjects.
Article in Blood, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled molgramostim in healthy people.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Lenzilumab, an Anti-GM-CSF Monoclonal Antibody Drug, in Healthy Korean Subjects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Inhaled recombinant GM-CSF reduces the need for whole lung lavage and improves gas exchange in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis patients.The European respiratory journal · 2024Trial
- Trial
- A randomized trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor for patients with acute lung injury.Critical care medicine · 2012Trial
- An open-label trial of rituximab therapy in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.The European respiratory journal · 2011Trial
- Association between serum anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies and nintedanib-induced diarrhea in interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Using the nose as a factory to secrete proteins into the lungs or circulation.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- A long-term observational study on autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis revealed a sustained and generalized decrease in serum autoantibody levels.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Observational
- Rapid Serological Detection of Anti-GM-CSF Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Using a Novel Immunochromatographic Test.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2026Article
- Serial Anti-GM-CSF Autoantibody Levels Reflect Disease Activity in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis with Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: Case Report.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Article
- Anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies in myeloid leukemias.Best practice & research. Clinical haematology · 2025Review
- Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis developed during treatment for systemic sclerosis: a case report.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Repeated inhalation of GM-CSF by nonhuman primates induces bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue along the lower respiratory tract.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis-driven treatment of primary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- Article
- The ouroboros of autoimmunity.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- Anti-cytokine autoantibodies: mechanistic insights and disease associations.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Anticytokine Autoantibodies in Infectious Diseases: A Practical Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The world of rare interstitial lung diseases.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
High levels of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies are thought to cause pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a rare syndrome characterized by myeloid dysfunction resulting in pulmonary surfactant accumulation and respiratory failure. Paradoxically, GM-CSF autoantibodies have been reported to occur rarely in healthy people and routinely in pharmaceutical intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) purified from serum pooled from healthy subjects. These findings suggest that either GM-CSF autoantibodies are normally present in healthy people at low levels that are difficult to detect or that serum pooled for IVIG purification may include asymptomatic persons with high levels of GM-CSF autoantibodies. Using several experimental approaches, GM-CSF autoantibodies were detected in all healthy subjects evaluated (n = 72) at low levels sufficient to rheostatically regulate multiple myeloid functions. Serum GM-CSF was more abundant than previously reported, but more than 99% was bound and neutralized by GM-CSF autoantibody. The critical threshold of GM-CSF autoantibodies associated with the development of PAP was determined. Results demonstrate that free serum GM-CSF is tightly maintained at low levels, identify a novel potential mechanism of innate immune regulation, help define the therapeutic window for potential clinical use of GM-CSF autoantibodies to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and have implications for the pathogenesis of PAP.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.