ArticleEndocrinology2009
Sexual differentiation of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus is not mediated solely by androgen receptors in muscle fibers.
Article in Endocrinology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Orthopaedic Surgery: Current Concepts and Clinical Applications.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The role of androgens and global and tissue-specific androgen receptor expression on body composition, exercise adaptation, and performance.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- The androgen receptor in mesenchymal progenitors regulates skeletal muscle mass viaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
- Androgen receptors and muscle: a key mechanism underlying life history trade-offs.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2018Review
- The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia.Osteoporosis and sarcopenia · 2016Review
- The emerging role of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism as a biological target and cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2016Review
- Review
- Distinct Etiological Roles for Myocytes and Motor Neurons in a Mouse Model of Kennedy's Disease/Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2015Article
- Sex differences in the brain: a whole body perspective.Biology of sex differences · 2015Review
- Nonmyocytic androgen receptor regulates the sexually dimorphic development of the embryonic bulbocavernosus muscle.Endocrinology · 2014Article
- Castration-induced upregulation of muscle ERα supports estrogen sensitivity of motoneuron dendrites in a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system.Developmental neurobiology · 2013Article
- Critical period for estrogen-dependent motoneuron dendrite growth is coincident with ERα expression in target musculature.Developmental neurobiology · 2013Article
- Turning sex inside-out: Peripheral contributions to sexual differentiation of the central nervous system.Biology of sex differences · 2012Article
- Overexpression of androgen receptors in target musculature confers androgen sensitivity to motoneuron dendrites.Endocrinology · 2011Article
- Neonatal androgen-dependent sex differences in lumbar spinal cord dopamine concentrations and the number of A11 diencephalospinal dopamine neurons.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2010Article
- Myocyte androgen receptors increase metabolic rate and improve body composition by reducing fat mass.Endocrinology · 2010Article
- Sexual differentiation of the nervous system: where the action is.Endocrinology · 2009Article
- The organizational hypothesis and final common pathways: Sexual differentiation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.Hormones and behavior · 2009Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) neuromuscular system is a highly conserved and well-studied model of sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system. Sexual differentiation of the SNB is currently thought to be mediated by the direct action of perinatal testosterone on androgen receptors (ARs) in the bulbocavernosus/levator ani muscles, with concomitant motoneuron rescue. This model has been proposed based on surgical and pharmacological manipulations of developing rats as well as from evidence that male rats with the testicular feminization mutation (Tfm), which is a loss of function AR mutation, have a feminine SNB phenotype. We examined whether genetically replacing AR in muscle fibers is sufficient to rescue the SNB phenotype of Tfm rats. Transgenic rats in which wild-type (WT) human AR is driven by a human skeletal actin promoter (HSA-AR) were crossed with Tfm rats. Resulting male HSA-AR/Tfm rats express WT AR exclusively in muscle and nonfunctional Tfm AR in other tissues. We then examined motoneuron and muscle morphology of the SNB neuromuscular system of WT and Tfm rats with and without the HSA-AR transgene. We observed feminine levator ani muscle size and SNB motoneuron number and size in Tfm males with or without the HSA-AR transgene. These results indicate that AR expression in skeletal muscle fibers is not sufficient to rescue the male phenotype of the SNB neuromuscular system and further suggest that AR in other cell types plays a critical role in sexual differentiation of this system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.