SynthesisJournal of the National Cancer Institute2009
Prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: approaches to estimating and reducing risk.
Synthesis in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 253 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk-reducing medications for primary breast cancer: a network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- A novel automated mammographic density measure and breast cancer risk.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2012Pooled it
- Effects of isoflavones on breast density in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Human reproduction updatePooled it
- Kernel Density Estimation as a Measure of Environmental Exposure Related to Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer Survivors.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2017Trial
- A web-based personalized risk communication and decision-making tool for women with dense breasts: Design and methods of a randomized controlled trial within an integrated health care system.Contemporary clinical trials · 2017Trial
- Recruitment strategies, design, and participant characteristics in a trial of weight-loss and metformin in breast cancer survivors.Contemporary clinical trials · 2016Trial
- Sex hormone levels and risk of breast cancer with estrogen plus progestin.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2013Trial
- Human breast tissue disposition and bioactivity of limonene in women with early-stage breast cancer.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2013Trial
- Exemestane for breast cancer prevention: a critical shift?Cancer discovery · 2012Trial
- High-intensity Interval Training and Mindfulness Breathing Induce Hormonal, Metabolic, and Anticarcinogenic Effects in Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of evidence-based integrative medicineTrial
- Targeting metabolic dysregulation in postmenopausal breast cancer: Synergistic effects of nutrition-based interventions and exercise on molecular and cellular pathways.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Oxidative DNA damage induced by 3,4-diOH-TAM, a tamoxifen metabolite, in relation to endometrial carcinogenesis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An Overview of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) in Women's Breast Cancer.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Quantitative assessment of background parenchymal enhancement is associated with lifetime breast cancer risk in screening MRI.European radiology · 2024Article
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: An emerging player in breast cancer pathogenesis and its potential as a drug target (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Validation Study on Risk-Reduction Activities after Exposure to a Personalized Breast Cancer Risk-Assessment Education Tool in High-Risk Women in the WISDOM Study.Research square · 2023Article
- Changes in mammographic density and risk of breast cancer among a diverse cohort of women undergoing mammography screening.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Factors Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Mammographic Density in a Multiethnic Breast Screening Cohort of Postmenopausal Women.The breast journal · 2023Article
- Mammographic Breast Density and Acculturation: Longitudinal Analysis in Chinese Immigrants.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2021Article
- Breast density, benign breast disease, and risk of breast cancer over time.European radiology · 2021Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is uncertain whether evidence supports routinely estimating a postmenopausal woman's risk of breast cancer and intervening to reduce risk.
methodsWe systematically reviewed prospective studies about models and sex hormone levels to assess breast cancer risk and used meta-analysis with random effects models to summarize the predictive accuracy of breast density. We also reviewed prospective studies of the effects of exercise, weight management, healthy diet, moderate alcohol consumption, and fruit and vegetable intake on breast cancer risk, and used random effects models for a meta-analyses of tamoxifen and raloxifene for primary prevention of breast cancer. All studies reviewed were published before June 2008, and all statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsRisk models that are based on demographic characteristics and medical history had modest discriminatory accuracy for estimating breast cancer risk (c-statistics range = 0.58-0.63). Breast density was strongly associated with breast cancer (relative risk [RR] = 4.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.10 to 5.26, for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category IV vs category I; RR = 4.20, 95% CI = 3.61 to 4.89, for >75% vs <5% of dense area), and adding breast density to models improved discriminatory accuracy (c-statistics range = 0.63-0.66). Estradiol was also associated with breast cancer (RR range = 2.0-2.9, comparing the highest vs lowest quintile of estradiol, P < .01). Most studies found that exercise, weight reduction, low-fat diet, and reduced alcohol intake were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Tamoxifen and raloxifene reduced the risk of estrogen receptor-positive invasive breast cancer and invasive breast cancer overall.
conclusionsEvidence from this study supports screening for breast cancer risk in all postmenopausal women by use of risk factors and breast density and considering chemoprevention for those found to be at high risk. Several lifestyle changes with the potential to prevent breast cancer should be recommended regardless of risk.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.