Trial reportDiabetes2009
Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-acting GIPR agonist LY3537021 reduces body weight and fasting blood glucose in patients with T2D: Preclinical development and phase 1 randomized ascending dose studies.Molecular metabolism · 2026Trial
- A Pilot Study of Exenatide Actions in Alzheimer's Disease.Current Alzheimer research · 2019Trial
- Effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide on gastric emptying, glycaemia and insulinaemia during critical illness: a prospective, double blind, randomised, crossover study.Critical care (London, England) · 2015Trial
- GIP contributes to islet trihormonal abnormalities in type 2 diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2014Trial
- The effect of exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in combination with glucagon-like peptide-1 on glycemia in the critically ill.Diabetes care · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a bifunctional glucose-dependent regulator of glucagon and insulin secretion in humans.Diabetes · 2011Trial
- GIP does not potentiate the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1 in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes · 2011Trial
- Clinical Potential of GIP in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Chronic Glycaemic Control Modulates the Relationship Between GIP and Glucagon Secretion Following Oral and Enteral Nutrients in Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Pan-hypoileism: an endocrine disease.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Review
- Revitalizing GIP: Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Beyond Diabetes: The Vasculoprotective Effects and Anti-Atherosclerotic Potential of Tirzepatide.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immune and Vascular Function in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Interplay With Sex Differences and Impact on Incretin Therapy.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2025Review
- Physiology and clinical applications of GIP.Endocrine journal · 2025Review
- Dual and Triple Gut Peptide Agonists on the Horizon for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. An Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Data.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Evaluating glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon as key regulators of insulin secretion in the pancreatic islet.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- GLP1R and GIPR expression and signaling in pancreatic alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells.Peptides · 2024Article
- The integrated incretin effect is reduced by both glucose intolerance and obesity in Japanese subjects.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Incretins and the Metabolic Hormones Produced by Pancreatic Islets.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGlucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), unlike glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, lacks glucose-lowering properties in patients with type 2 diabetes. We designed this study to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsTwenty-two insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes were given either synthetic human GIP (20 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or placebo (normal saline) over 180 min, starting with the first bite of a mixed meal (plus 1 g of acetaminophen) on two separate occasions. Frequent blood samples were obtained over 6 h to determine plasma GIP, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, glucagon, resistin, and acetaminophen levels.
resultsCompared with placebo, GIP induced an early postprandial increase in insulin levels. Intriguingly, GIP also induced an early postprandial augmentation in glucagon, a significant elevation in late postprandial glucose, and a decrease in late postprandial GLP-1 levels. Resistin and acetaminophen levels were comparable in both interventions. By immunocytochemistry, GIP receptors were present on human and mouse alpha-cells. In alphaTC1 cell line, GIP induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and glucagon secretion. CONCLUSIONS; GIP, given to achieve supraphysiological plasma levels, still had an early, short-lived insulinotropic effect in type 2 diabetes. However, with a concomitant increase in glucagon, the glucose-lowering effect was lost. GIP infusion further worsened hyperglycemia postprandially, most likely through its suppressive effect on GLP-1. These findings make it unlikely that GIP or GIP receptor agonists will be useful in treating the hyperglycemia of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.