ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2009
Highly accurate antibody assays for early and rapid detection of tuberculosis in African and Asian elephants.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in elephants through a One Health approach: a systematic review.BMC veterinary research · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review.Veterinary research · 2021Pooled it
- Human risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies againstOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of tuberculosis and hematological variations in captive and orphaned wild elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- B Cell and Antibody Responses in Bovine Tuberculosis.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Genomic insights into anthropozoonotic tuberculosis in captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) and an Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Cambodia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Implications of serological, genomic, and epidemiological insights intoFrontiers in tuberculosis · 2024Article
- Article
- Differentially Represented Proteins in Response to Infection withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Monitoring IgG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins in an Asian elephant cured of tuberculosis that developed from long-term latency.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Combining Analytical Approaches and Multiple Sources of Information to Improve Interpretation of Diagnostic Test Results for Tuberculosis in Wild Meerkats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2021Article
- Elephant Genomes Reveal Accelerated Evolution in Mechanisms Underlying Disease Defenses.Molecular biology and evolution · 2021Article
- Tuberculosis seroprevalence and comparison of hematology and biochemistry parameters between seropositive and seronegative captive Asian elephants of Nepal.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using an interferon gamma release assay in a captive elephant herd.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2019Article
- Mycobacterium caprae Infection in Captive Borneo Elephant, Japan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Point of Care Tuberculosis Sero-Diagnosis Kit for Wild Animals: Combination of Proteins for Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity.Indian journal of microbiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in elephants is a reemerging zoonotic disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current methods for screening and diagnosis rely on trunk wash culture, which has serious limitations due to low test sensitivity, slow turnaround time, and variable sample quality. Innovative and more efficient diagnostic tools are urgently needed. We describe three novel serologic techniques, the ElephantTB Stat-Pak kit, multiantigen print immunoassay, and dual-path platform VetTB test, for rapid antibody detection in elephants. The study was performed with serum samples from 236 captive African and Asian elephants from 53 different locations in the United States and Europe. The elephants were divided into three groups based on disease status and history of exposure: (i) 26 animals with culture-confirmed TB due to M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis, (ii) 63 exposed elephants from known-infected herds that had never produced a culture-positive result from trunk wash samples, and (iii) 147 elephants without clinical symptoms suggestive of TB, with consistently negative trunk wash culture results, and with no history of potential exposure to TB in the past 5 years. Elephants with culture-confirmed TB and a proportion of exposed but trunk wash culture-negative elephants produced robust antibody responses to multiple antigens of M. tuberculosis, with seroconversions detectable years before TB-positive cultures were obtained from trunk wash specimens. ESAT-6 and CFP10 proteins were immunodominant antigens recognized by elephant antibodies during disease. The serologic assays demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 95 to 100% specificity. Rapid and accurate antibody tests to identify infected elephants will likely allow earlier and more efficient treatment, thus limiting transmission of infection to other susceptible animals and to humans.
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