ArticleVirology2009
CD4+ NK cells can be productively infected with HIV, leading to downregulation of CD4 expression and changes in function.
Article in Virology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural killer cells against viral infection: from basic biology to immunotherapy.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Barcoded HIV-1 reveals viral persistence driven by clonal proliferation and distinct epigenetic patterns.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Current Advances in Humanized Mouse Models for Studying NK Cells and HIV Infection.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2023Review
- HIV-1 activates oxidative phosphorylation in infected CD4 T cells in a human tonsil explant model.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The role of CD38 in HIV infection.AIDS research and therapy · 2021Review
- Viral Infection of Human Natural Killer Cells.Viruses · 2019Review
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infects Primary Neonatal and Adult Natural Killer Cells and Affects Their Antiviral Effector Function.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Mutually assured destruction: the cold war between viruses and natural killer cells.Current opinion in virology · 2019Review
- Varicella zoster virus productively infects human natural killer cells and manipulates phenotype.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified natural killer cell-based immunotherapy and immunological synapse formation in cancer and HIV.Protein & cell · 2017Review
- Natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection and therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2017Review
- IL-17 mediates neutrophil infiltration and renal fibrosis following recovery from ischemia reperfusion: compensatory role of natural killer cells in athymic rats.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2017Article
- HIV infection: focus on the innate immune cells.Immunologic research · 2016Review
- HIV-1 Reservoirs During Suppressive Therapy.Trends in microbiology · 2016Review
- The characteristics of NK cells in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse spleens.Parasitology research · 2015Article
- Expression of chimeric receptor CD4ζ by natural killer cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells improves in vitro activity but does not enhance suppression of HIV infection in vivo.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2014Article
- Changes in NK and NKT cells in mesenteric lymph nodes after a Schistosoma japonicum infection.Parasitology research · 2014Article
- Comprehensive assessment of HIV target cells in the distal human gut suggests increasing HIV susceptibility toward the anus.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2013Article
- HIV-1 pathogenesis: the virus.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
NK cells mediate the innate immune response, and HIV-infected individuals demonstrate altered NK cell phenotype and function. We find that CD4+ NK cells are susceptible to HIV infection; this could account for the NK cell dysfunction seen in HIV-infected individuals. CD4+ NK cells express CXCR4 and can be infected with X4-tropic viruses and some primary R5-utilizing viral isolates. Treatment with the CXCR4 ligands AMD3100 and SDF-1alpha partially blocks infection with X4-tropic virus, treatment with anti-CCL Igs upregulates CCR5 surface expression and enables infection with HIV-Bal. HIV infection of NK cells results in CD4 downregulation and the production of infectious virus. HIV-infected CD4+ NK cells mediate NK cell cytotoxicity, however, HIV infection is associated with decreased chemotaxis towards IL-16. Thus, HIV infection of CD4+ NK cells could account for the NK cell dysfunction observed in HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore infected NK cells could serve as a viral reservoir of HIV in vivo.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.