GuidelineThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2009
Recommendations for treatment of childhood non-severe pneumonia.
Guideline in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high-risk children aged 12 years and under.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Community case management of fast-breathing pneumonia with 3 days oral amoxicillin vs 5 days cotrimoxazole in children 2-59 months of age in rural Pakistan: A cluster randomized trial.Journal of global health · 2022Trial
- Randomized Trial of Amoxicillin for Pneumonia in Pakistan.The New England journal of medicine · 2020Trial
- Treatment of fast breathing in neonates and young infants with oral amoxicillin compared with penicillin-gentamicin combination: study protocol for a randomized, open-label equivalence trial.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Trial
- Digital stethoscope use by non-physician primary care health workers on children under five years of age in rural Bangladesh: a feasibility study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Implementation of lung ultrasound in low- to middle-income countries: a new challenge global health?European journal of pediatrics · 2022Review
- Intravenous Amoxicillin Plus Intravenous Gentamicin for Children with Severe Pneumonia in Bangladesh: An Open-Label, Randomized, Non-Inferiority Controlled Trial.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Popularization of "10".Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2021Article
- Characterisation of rectal amoxicillin (RAMOX) for the treatment of pneumonia in children.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Article
- Rightsizing Treatment for Pneumonia in Children.JAMA pediatrics · 2021Article
- Injectable Amoxicillin Versus Injectable Ampicillin Plus Gentamicin in the Treatment of Severe Pneumonia in Children Aged 2 to 59 Months: Protocol for an Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2020Article
- Vitamin A supplementation boosts control of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection in malnourished mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Should fast breathing pneumonia cases be treated with antibiotics? The scientific rationale for revisiting management in Low and Middle income countries.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2019Review
- Benefits of antibiotics burden in low-income countries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Antibiotic treatment in childhood community-acquired pneumonia - clinical practice versus guidelines: results from two university hospitals.Clujul medical (1957) · 2018Article
- Non-adherence to oral antibiotics for community paediatric pneumonia treatment in Malawi - A qualitative investigation.PloS one · 2018Article
- Inactivation of the Thymidylate SynthaseFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Observational
- Non-adherence to community oral-antibiotic treatment in children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawi- secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
WHO recommendations for early antimicrobial treatment of childhood pneumonia have been effective in reducing childhood mortality, but the last major revision was over 10 years ago. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, new pneumonia pathogens, and new drugs have prompted WHO to assemble an international panel to review the literature on childhood pneumonia and to develop evidence-based recommendations for the empirical treatment of non-severe pneumonia among children managed by first-level health providers. Treatment should target the bacterial causes most likely to lead to severe disease, including Streptoccocus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. The best first-line agent is amoxicillin, given twice daily for 3-5 days, although co-trimoxazole may be an alternative in some settings. Treatment failure should be defined in a child who develops signs warranting immediate referral or who does not have a decrease in respiratory rate after 48-72 h of therapy. If failure occurs, and no indication for immediate referral exists, possible explanations for failure should be systematically determined, including non-adherence to therapy and alternative diagnoses. If failure of the first-line agent remains a possible explanation, suitable second-line agents include high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanic acid with or without an affordable macrolide for children over 3 years of age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.