ArticleNature2009
Adaptation of HIV-1 to human leukocyte antigen class I.
Article in Nature, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 270 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
270 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 467 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strategies to work with HLA data in human populations for histocompatibility, clinical transplantation, epidemiology and population genetics: HLA-NET methodological recommendations.International journal of immunogenetics · 2012Guideline
- Is the virulence of HIV changing? A meta-analysis of trends in prognostic markers of HIV disease progression and transmission.AIDS (London, England) · 2012Pooled it
- HLA-I Associated Adaptation Dampens CD8 T-Cell Responses in HIV Ad5-Vectored Vaccine Recipients.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- High frequency of HIV mutations associated with HLA-C suggests enhanced HLA-C-restricted CTL selective pressure associated with an AIDS-protective polymorphism.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Trial
- Role of transmitted Gag CTL polymorphisms in defining replicative capacity and early HIV-1 pathogenesis.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- The other immune landscape of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Position-5-driven reorientation of an immunodominant HLA-A*24:02 SARS-CoV-2 epitope drives universal T cell escape.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Nonclassical MHC-I Molecules: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Next-Generation Immunotherapy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Multistep coevolution of HIV-1 and human leukocyte antigen-C-restricted HIV-1-specific CD8PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- T cell immunity predicts clinical outcomes on stopping antiretroviral treatment after HIV-specific broadly neutralising antibody therapy.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Keystone Epitope Theory: An Ecological Perspective on RNA Viruses, Tumor Immunoediting, and Vaccine Design.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Review
- Integrative genomic and immunoinformatic approach for characterizing HIV-1 pol, vpr, and Nef genes and designing a multi-epitope vaccine.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Full-length next-generation sequencing of 11 HLA loci of more than 1000 individuals from clinical cohorts in East and West Africa.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Computational and Population-Based HLA Permissiveness to HIV Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Joint host-pathogen genomic analysis identifies hepatitis B virus mutations associated with human NTCP and HLA class I variation.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- Only rare classical MHC-I alleles are highly expressed in the European house sparrow.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1.Retrovirology · 2024Review
210 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors at 17 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The rapid and extensive spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic provides a rare opportunity to witness host-pathogen co-evolution involving humans. A focal point is the interaction between genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and those encoding HIV proteins. HLA molecules present fragments (epitopes) of HIV proteins on the surface of infected cells to enable immune recognition and killing by CD8(+) T cells; particular HLA molecules, such as HLA-B*57, HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*51, are more likely to mediate successful control of HIV infection. Mutation within these epitopes can allow viral escape from CD8(+) T-cell recognition. Here we analysed viral sequences and HLA alleles from >2,800 subjects, drawn from 9 distinct study cohorts spanning 5 continents. Initial analysis of the HLA-B*51-restricted epitope, TAFTIPSI (reverse transcriptase residues 128-135), showed a strong correlation between the frequency of the escape mutation I135X and HLA-B*51 prevalence in the 9 study cohorts (P = 0.0001). Extending these analyses to incorporate other well-defined CD8(+) T-cell epitopes, including those restricted by HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*27, showed that the frequency of these epitope variants (n = 14) was consistently correlated with the prevalence of the restricting HLA allele in the different cohorts (together, P < 0.0001), demonstrating strong evidence of HIV adaptation to HLA at a population level. This process of viral adaptation may dismantle the well-established HLA associations with control of HIV infection that are linked to the availability of key epitopes, and highlights the challenge for a vaccine to keep pace with the changing immunological landscape presented by HIV.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.