ArticleJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)
Virus-like particle (VLP) lymphatic trafficking and immune response generation after immunization by different routes.
Article in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intralymphatic glutamic acid decarboxylase administration in type 1 diabetes patients induced a distinctive early immune response in patients with DR3DQ2 haplotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Exceeding expectations: factors contributing to the potency of human papillomavirus vaccines.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Review
- Virus-like particles in cancer immunotherapy: bridging human and veterinary medicine through one health.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Identification of efficient multi-epitope combinations against African swine fever virus based on AP205 scaffold-mediated nanodisplay technology.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Applications of Nanopipettes in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for High-Spatial-Resolution Topographic Imaging and Sensing in Single Cells.ACS measurement science au · 2026Review
- Intranasal vaccination with probiotic Escherichia coli membrane vesicles displaying pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides elicits mucosal immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-like Nanoparticles Pseudo-Typed with SARS-CoV-2 RBD for Vaccination Against COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Oral Bacteria Act as a Dagger in Host Immunity: Insight Tips from Local Diseases to Systemic Effects.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Heterologous Prime-Boost with Immunologically Orthogonal Protein Nanoparticles for Peptide Immunofocusing.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Immunization-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost with Immunologically Orthogonal Protein Nanoparticles for Peptide Immunofocusing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Microneedle array delivery ofiScience · 2024Article
- A nanoparticle vaccine displaying varicella-zoster virus gE antigen induces a superior cellular immune response than a licensed vaccine in mice and non-human primates.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immune Response of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Inoculated via Intraperitoneal, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous and Needle-Free Injection Technology-Based Intradermal Routes in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Intradermal but not intramuscular modified vaccinia Ankara immunizations protect against intravaginal tier2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenges in female macaques.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Application of Nano-Delivery Systems in Lymph Nodes for Tumor Immunotherapy.Nano-micro letters · 2023Review
- A liposomal carbohydrate vaccine, adjuvanted with an NKT cell agonist, induces rapid and enhanced immune responses and antibody class switching.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Hemagglutinin virus-like particles incorporated with membrane-bound cytokine adjuvants provide protection against homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenge in aged mice.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Development of a Modular NTA:His Tag Viral Vaccine for Co-delivery of Antigen and Adjuvant.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2023Article
- Development of virus-like particles with inbuilt immunostimulatory properties as vaccine candidates.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have gained increasing interest for their use as vaccines due to their repetitive antigenic structure that is capable of efficiently activating the immune system. The efficacy of VLP immunization may lie in its ability to traffic into draining lymph nodes while activating antigen-presenting cells to initiate the orchestration of signals required for the development of a robust immune response. Currently, there is no comprehensive study showing the correlation of different VLP vaccination routes to immune outcome. In this study, we took an optical imaging approach to directly visualize the trafficking of simian-human immunodeficiency (SHIV) VLPs after immunization by commonly used routes and analyzed the corresponding humoral and cellular immune responses generated. We found that VLPs can easily enter the subcapsular sinus of draining lymph nodes with quantitative differences in the number of lymph node involvement depending on the immunization route used. Intradermal immunization led to the largest level of lymph node involvement for the longest period of time, which correlated with the strongest humoral and cellular immune responses. Flow cytometry analysis from extracted splenocytes showed that intradermal immunization led to the largest population of germinal center and activated B cells, which translated into higher antibody levels and antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Our results indicate that VLPs traffic into lymph nodes upon immunization and can be directly visualized by optical imaging techniques. Intradermal immunization showed improved responses and might be a preferable delivery route to use for viral and cancer immunotherapeutic studies involving VLPs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.