ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Lipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 211 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
211 citing papers in PubMed, 356 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and Efficacy of Panitumumab Plus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Primary HER2-Negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer.JAMA oncology · 2018Trial
- Circulating proteins in response to combined-modality therapy in rectal cancer identified by antibody array screening.BMC cancer · 2016Trial
- Inhibition of the lipocalin-2-phosphatidylserine axis restores natural killer cell immune surveillance.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Multi-scale evidence chain: Linking environmental BPA exposure to ovarian cancer through integrated omics and experimental models.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- CLIC3 is upregulated across all subtypes of breast cancer and plays a key role in cell migration, invasion and growth in soft agar.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Lipocalin 2 orchestrates resistance to ferroptosis via AXL.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Grade III canine and feline mammary carcinomas are associated with an immunosuppressed, vascularized and proliferative microenvironment.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Regulation of mitochondrial iron homeostasis in tumor cells.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Beyond olfaction: New insights into human odorant binding proteins.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Review
- Wastewater metaproteomics: tracking microbial and human protein biomarkers.ISME communications · 2026Article
- Lipocalin-2 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Its Pathophysiological Role in the Metastatic Cascade.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Expression graph network framework for biomarker discovery.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Prospective changes in lipocalin-2 and adipocytokines among adults with obesity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- LCN2 promotes focal adhesion formation and invasion by stimulating c-Src activation.Journal of cell science · 2025Article
- The Prognostic Role of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Expressions in Gastric Carcinomas.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Identification of Novel LCN2 Inhibitors Based on Construction of Pharmacophore Models and Screening of Marine Compound Libraries by Fragment Design.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Adipokines in Breast Cancer: Decoding Genetic and Proteomic Mechanisms Underlying Migration, Invasion, and Proliferation.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2025Article
- TGFB1/CXCL5 axis regulation by LCN2 overexpression: a promising strategy to inhibit colorectal cancer metastasis and enhance prognosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Breast cancer shares many epidemiological, lifestyle, and local hormonal and metabolic underpinnings with endometrial and ovarian cancer: a narrative review.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2025Review
- Iron and Cancer.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
151 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Here, we report that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) promotes breast cancer progression, and we identify the mechanisms underlying this function. We first found that Lcn2 levels were consistently associated with invasive breast cancer in human tissue and urine samples. To investigate the function of Lcn2 in breast cancer progression, Lcn2 was overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and was found to up-regulate mesenchymal markers, including vimentin and fibronectin, down-regulate the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and significantly increase cell motility and invasiveness. These changes in marker expression and cell motility are hallmarks of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In contrast, Lcn2 silencing in aggressive breast cancer cells inhibited cell migration and the mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, reduced expression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and increased expression of the key EMT transcription factor Slug were observed with Lcn2 expression. Overexpression of ERalpha in Lcn2-expressing cells reversed the EMT and reduced Slug expression, suggesting that ERalpha negatively regulates Lcn2-induced EMT. Finally, orthotopic studies demonstrated that Lcn2-expressing breast tumors displayed a poorly differentiated phenotype and showed increased local tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. Taken together, these in vitro, in vivo, and human studies demonstrate that Lcn2 promotes breast cancer progression by inducing EMT through the ERalpha/Slug axis and may be a useful biomarker of breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.