Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine induces early CD4+ T cell response that predicts long-term persistence of protective antibody levels.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00382187 (A Phase II, Randomized, Controlled, Observer-blind, Single-Center Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Doses, Administered Three Weeks Apart, and a Six Month Booster Dose of Two Surface Antigen Adjuvanted With MF59C.1 Influenza Vaccines Containing 7.5 Micrograms or 15 Micrograms of A/H5N1 Influenza Antigen and of a Non-adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Containing 15 Micrograms of A/H5N1 Influenza Antigen, in Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 126 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase II, Randomized, Controlled, Observer-blind, Single-Center Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Doses, Administered Three Weeks Apart, and a Six Month Booster Dose of Two Surface Antigen Adjuvanted With MF59C.1 Influenza Vaccines Containing 7.5 Micrograms or 15 Micrograms of A/H5N1 Influenza Antigen and of a Non-adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Containing 15 Micrograms of A/H5N1 Influenza Antigen, in Adults
Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 257 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination against H5 avian influenza: Safety and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted, cell-culture derived H5N6 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Th2-Biased Transcriptional Profile Predicts HIV Envelope-Specific Polyfunctional CD4Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Trial
- Standard-Dose Intradermal Influenza Vaccine Elicits Cellular Immune Responses Similar to Those of Intramuscular Vaccine in Men With and Those Without HIV Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Induction of Human T-cell and Cytokine Responses Following Vaccination with a Novel Influenza Vaccine.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- HCMV glycoprotein B subunit vaccine efficacy mediated by nonneutralizing antibody effector functions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Trial
- A phase I, randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study of investigational acellular pertussis (aP) and reduced tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (TdaP) booster vaccines in adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccines: Evidence for Differential Effect of Secondary Vaccination on Humoral and Cellular Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Superior antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response with AS03-adjuvantation of a trivalent influenza vaccine in a randomised trial of adults aged 65 and older.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 influenza vaccine in chronically ill and immunocompromised patients.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Trial
- A dose-ranging study of MF59(®)-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in young to middle-aged and older adult populations to assess safety, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence one year after vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Trial
- Trial
- The human potential of a recombinant pandemic influenza vaccine produced in tobacco plants.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2012Trial
- B- and T-cell memory elicited by a seasonal live attenuated reassortant influenza vaccine: assessment of local antibody avidity and virus-specific memory T-cells using trogocytosis-based method.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2012Trial
- MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines.Science translational medicine · 2011Trial
- H5N1 influenza vaccine formulated with AS03 A induces strong cross-reactive and polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses.Journal of clinical immunology · 2011Trial
- Trial
- Fast rise of broadly cross-reactive antibodies after boosting long-lived human memory B cells primed by an MF59 adjuvanted prepandemic vaccine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2009Trial
- Recent developments of vaccines for older adults: Adjuvants and beyond.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Article
- sIFITM1, sIFITM3, and sViperin antiviral proteins as inactivated CSFV vaccine adjuvants.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune responses to vaccination are tested in clinical trials. This process usually requires years especially when immune memory and persistence are analyzed. Markers able to quickly predict the immune response would be very useful, particularly when dealing with emerging diseases that require a rapid response, such as avian influenza. To address this question we vaccinated healthy adults at days 1, 22, and 202 with plain or MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 subunit vaccines and tested both cell-mediated and antibody responses up to day 382. Only the MF59-H5N1 vaccine induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies, a large pool of memory H5N1-specific B lymphocytes, and H5-CD4(+) T cells broadly reactive with drifted H5. The CD4(+) response was dominated by IL-2(+) IFN-gamma(-) IL-13(-) T cells. Remarkably, a 3-fold increase in the frequency of virus-specific total CD4(+) T cells, measurable after 1 dose, accurately predicted the rise of neutralizing antibodies after booster immunization and their maintenance 6 months later. We suggest that CD4(+) T cell priming might be used as an early predictor of the immunogenicity of prepandemic vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.