ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2009
Th1/Th2 patterns and balance in cytokine production in the parents and infants of a large birth cohort.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Postpartum cytokine shifts and IL-10-mediated immune suppression in malaria-infected primigravid women.PloS one · 2026Article
- Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Maternal Dietary Inflammatory Status and Serum Neopterin During Pregnancy: Influence on Infantile Atopic Eczema in the Offspring.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Article
- Parkinson's Spectrum Mechanisms in Pregnancy: Exploring Hypothetical Scenarios for MSA in the Era of ART.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Secretor and non-secretor human milk oligosaccharides differentially modulate immune response in the presence of cow's milk allergen β-lactoglobulin in anFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 Control of Antigen-Specifically Activated CD4 T-Cells of Neonates.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Deciphering Differential Behavior of Immune Responses as the Foundation for Precision Dosing in Allergen Immunotherapy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Maternal imprinting and determinants of neonates' immune function in the SEPAGES mother-child cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Tissue-based IL-10 signalling in helminth infection limits IFNγ expression and promotes the intestinal Th2 response.Mucosal immunology · 2022Article
- Considerations of CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Examining Associations Between Dietary Inflammatory Index in Pregnancy, Pro-inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Levels at Birth, and Offspring Asthma and/or Wheeze by Age 4 Years.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2021Article
- Environmental Air Pollutants Inhaled during Pregnancy Are Associated with Altered Cord Blood Immune Cell Profiles.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Cord blood group 2 innate lymphoid cells are associated with lung function at 6 weeks of age.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Article
- Preventing Atopic Diseases During Childhood - Early Exposure Matters.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The Association of Tuberculosis Mono-infection and Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (TB-HIV) Co-infection in the Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.Current hypertension reports · 2020Review
- Circulating Cytokines Associated with Poor Pregnancy Outcomes in Beninese Exposed to Infection with Plasmodium falciparum.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Associations between maternal inflammation during pregnancy and infant birth outcomes in the Seychelles Child Development Study.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2020Observational
- Understanding Early-Life Adaptive Immunity to Guide Interventions for Pediatric Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Autoimmune Hepatitis: Tolerogenic Immunological State During Pregnancy and Immune Escape in Post-partum.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Regulation of human immune cell cytokine production in vivo is not well understood due in part to limitations on imposing experimental conditions. We proposed that life-imposed conditions (pregnancy, birth, age, gender), combined with large sample size, repeat sampling, and family-based recruitment would serve to reveal peripheral blood cell-derived cytokine patterns reflective of in vivo regulation regarding Th1/Th2 balance and familial correlation. Mononuclear cells were obtained from 483 trios in the Tucson Infant Immune Study: from mothers pre- and postpartum, infants at birth and at 3 mo, and fathers. Con A/PMA-stimulated supernatants were assayed by ELISA for IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, and IL-10 and allergen-stimulated supernatants for IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-13. Mitogen-stimulated prepartum samples were not globally Th2 biased, differing from postpartum only by a modestly reduced IFN-gamma:IL-5 ratio. Prepartum samples actually produced less IL-10 and IL-13 although more IL-5 than paternal samples. Newborns were also not globally Th2 biased, with mitogen stimulation producing approximately 10-fold less IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma than adults but only 2- to 3-fold less IL-13 and IL-10. Despite these group differences, all cytokines showed marked positive intraindividual correlations (all p < 0.001). Allergen stimulation gave results consistent with a lack of global Th2 bias. Mitogen stimulation revealed parent-child and parent-parent correlations. Thus, rather than a global Th2 bias, cytokine production in pregnant mothers and newborns appears regulated so as to maintain a relative balance among the cytokines, with the nature of the balance differing in mothers and infants and with production influenced by familial factors that include shared environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.