ReviewSchizophrenia bulletin2009
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited.
Review in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 329 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
329 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 851 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships Between Immune-Inflammatory Features and Social Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- The association between prenatal famine, DNA methylation and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical epigenetics · 2023Pooled it
- Genetic Influences on the Developing Young Brain and Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Biological psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- CACNA1C (rs1006737) may be a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: An updated meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2019Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of peripheral blood nerve growth factor levels in patients with schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Childhood Trauma and Frontoparietal Network Connectivity During Working Memory Task Performance in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Healthy Participants.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Estimating Accelerated Retinal Decline in Mental Health Disorders Through Normative Modeling.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Genetic Risk and Resilience for Schizophrenia Stratified by Perinatal Gene Expression Predict Adult Cognitive Performance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Individualized cortical gradient and network topology reveal symptom-linked disruptions and neurobiological subtypes in schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Cognitive trajectories of psychosis risk: temporal patterns and association with progression.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Deep Learning-Based Structural Brain Age Estimation in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: A Single-Site Pilot Study.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Biological underpinnings and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia within microrna-137 regulatory pathways across brain development.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Dissecting the shared genetic landscape of schizophrenia and hippocampal subfields: A genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hippocampal-prefrontal-ventricular volumes, and clinical profiles in schizophrenia: a biomarker and neuroimaging study in North Sumatera, Indonesia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Extracellular matrix dysfunction and synaptic alterations in schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The neuronal chromatin landscape in brains from individuals with schizophrenia is linked to early fetal development.Nature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Association Between Gene Polymorphisms of RSPO2 of the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Schizophrenia in the Korean Population.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Machine learning algorithms and artificial neural networks for predicting schizophrenia using orbital parameters.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Abnormal cortical topographic patterns associated with auditory verbal hallucination in first-episode schizophrenia.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis of the Human Habenula in Schizophrenia.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
269 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While multiple theories have been put forth regarding the origin of schizophrenia, by far the vast majority of evidence points to the neurodevelopmental model in which developmental insults as early as late first or early second trimester lead to the activation of pathologic neural circuits during adolescence or young adulthood leading to the emergence of positive or negative symptoms. In this report, we examine the evidence from brain pathology (enlargement of the cerebroventricular system, changes in gray and white matters, and abnormal laminar organization), genetics (changes in the normal expression of proteins that are involved in early migration of neurons and glia, cell proliferation, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis), environmental factors (increased frequency of obstetric complications and increased rates of schizophrenic births due to prenatal viral or bacterial infections), and gene-environmental interactions (a disproportionate number of schizophrenia candidate genes are regulated by hypoxia, microdeletions and microduplications, the overrepresentation of pathogen-related genes among schizophrenia candidate genes) in support of the neurodevelopmental model. We relate the neurodevelopmental model to a number of findings about schizophrenia. Finally, we also examine alternate explanations of the origin of schizophrenia including the neurodegenerative model.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.