ArticleCancer research2009
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by invoking an anti-angiogenic program in tumor-educated macrophages.
Article in Cancer research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Postpartum breast cancer as a distinct oncologic entity: linking physiological tissue remodelling to tumor biology and clinical translation.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
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- Evaluating the theranostic potential of ferumoxytol when combined with radiotherapy in a mammary dual tumor mouse model.Medical physics · 2025Article
- Tumor-educated cells in tumor microenvironment: Key drivers of immunotherapy resistance.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- Inflammatory signaling pathways in neutrophils: implications for breast cancer therapy.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Systemic and locoregional therapies for cutaneous metastases from breast cancer: state of art and new frontiers in treatment approach.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Tumor-associated macrophages in bladder cancer: roles and targeted therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Dose-Specific Intratumoral GM-CSF Modulates Breast Tumor Oxygenation and Antitumor Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Functional Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- GM-CSF: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Macrophage and Neutrophil Interactions in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Drive the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer.Cancers · 2021Review
- STAT5 is activated in macrophages by breast cancer cell-derived factors and regulates macrophage function in the tumor microenvironment.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2021Article
- Reversing an Oncogenic Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Program in Breast Cancer Reveals Actionable Immune Suppressive Pathways.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of PLGA/PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Murine Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2021Article
- MicroRNA-200c restoration reveals a cytokine profile to enhance M1 macrophage polarization in breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2021Article
- Probing Osteocyte Functions in Gelatin Hydrogels with Tunable Viscoelasticity.Biomacromolecules · 2021Article
- Chemotherapy-induced cytokines and prognostic gene signatures vary across breast and colorectal cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2021Article
- TGF-β inhibition can overcome cancer primary resistance to PD-1 blockade: A mathematical model.PloS one · 2021Article
- Tackling Immune Targets for Breast Cancer: Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Axis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor-educated macrophages facilitate tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We discovered that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) blocked macrophages vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity by producing soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and determined the effect on tumor-associated macrophage behavior and tumor growth. We show GM-CSF treatment of murine mammary tumors slowed tumor growth and slowed metastasis. These tumors had more macrophages, fewer blood vessels, and lower oxygen concentrations. This effect was sVEGFR-1 dependent. In situ hybridization and flow cytometry identified macrophages as the primary source of sVEGFR-1. These data suggest that GM-CSF can re-educate macrophages to reduce angiogenesis and metastases in murine breast cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.