ArticleBlood2009
Impaired neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation: a novel innate immune deficiency of human neonates.
Article in Blood, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 185 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplant
Novel Mechanisms and Approaches to Treat Neonatal Sepsis: Adjuvant Therapies, Host Microbiome, and Genomic Expression and Functional Capacity of Innate Immune Cells
Who cites it
185 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 348 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive analysis of regulated cell death pathways: intrinsic disorder, protein-protein interactions, and cross-pathway communication.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Pooled it
- Delving into the clinical impact of NETs in pediatric cancer.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- The emerging role of immunothrombosis in paediatric conditions.Pediatric research · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- LPS and β-Glucan Induce Differential Memory-like Inflammatory Responses with Enhanced Reactivity in Neonatal Neutrophils Compared to Adults.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- TLR7/9 and type I interferon signaling reprogram neutrophil NET responses and impair antibacterial defense in systemic lupus erythematosus.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Complement deficiency and neonatal immunity: a serum-limited, context-dependent framework.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Vaccine Responses in Early Age.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Circulating DNA and Neutrophil-Derived Biomarkers in Neonatal Sepsis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Amelioration of acute liver failure by a cinnamic acid derivative through inhibition of the ROS-NETosis axis.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Stage-specific neutrophil states in neonatal injury: from antimicrobial deficiency to pro-resolution repair.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Study on the pro-inflammatory injury of neutrophil extracellular traps in gouty nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Maternal-fetal dialogue and immunological programming: from fetal development to long-term health outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Infections: A Systematic Review.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- A TLR7/9-IFNα-LDHB axis drives vital NET release and compromises antibacterial defense in lupus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Toll Like Receptors Promote High Glucose-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation.Inflammation · 2025Article
- CGRP Suppresses Protective SiglecFMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Live fast, die young: neutrophils streamline their metabolism to maximize inflammation.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Adenosine accumulation in the blood of newborn mice weakens antimicrobial host defenses.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Article
125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neutrophils are highly specialized innate effector cells that have evolved for killing of pathogens. Human neonates have a common multifactorial syndrome of neutrophil dysfunction that is incompletely characterized and contributes to sepsis and other severe infectious complications. We identified a novel defect in the antibacterial defenses of neonates: inability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are lattices of extracellular DNA, chromatin, and antibacterial proteins that mediate extracellular killing of microorganisms and are thought to form via a unique death pathway signaled by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). We found that neutrophils from term and preterm infants fail to form NETs when activated by inflammatory agonists-in contrast to leukocytes from healthy adults. The deficiency in NET formation is paralleled by a previously unrecognized deficit in extracellular bacterial killing. Generation of ROSs did not complement the defect in NET formation by neonatal neutrophils, as it did in adult cells with inactivated NADPH oxidase, demonstrating that ROSs are necessary but not sufficient signaling intermediaries and identifying a deficiency in linked or downstream pathways in neonatal leukocytes. Impaired NET formation may be a critical facet of a common developmental immunodeficiency that predisposes newborn infants to infection.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.