ArticleThe American journal of pathology2009
Cryptococcal urease promotes the accumulation of immature dendritic cells and a non-protective T2 immune response within the lung.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers.
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Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Advances in cryptococcal infections-associated immunopathology and potential therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Oral L-Arginine treatment attenuatesVirulence · 2025Article
- Global proteomic analysis ofmSystems · 2025Article
- The Multifaceted Role of Regulatory T Cells in Sepsis: Mechanisms, Heterogeneity, and Pathogen-Tailored Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory activity of Pleurotus pulmonarius crude extract to human monocyte against Cryptococcus neoformans.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Magnolol Inhibits the Growth ofThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Elements of dissemination in cryptococcosis.mBio · 2024Review
- Mechanisms and Virulence Factors ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Dendritic Cells: Multifunctional Roles in Host Defenses toJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fungal mechanisms of intracellular survival: what can we learn from bacterial pathogens?Infection and immunity · 2023Review
- Article
- Natural Urease Inhibitors Reduce the Severity of Disease Symptoms, Dependent on the Lifestyle of the Pathogens.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Differential and cooperative effects of IL-25 and IL-33 on T helper cells contribute to cryptococcal virulence and brain infection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A comparative study of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in a C57BL/6 J mouse model of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Bet-hedging antimicrobial strategies in macrophage phagosome acidification drive the dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular escape mechanisms.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Urease, a major virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans, promotes lethal meningitis/encephalitis in mice. The effect of urease within the lung, the primary site of most invasive fungal infections, is unknown. An established model of murine infection that utilizes either urease-producing (wt and ure1::URE1) or urease-deficient (ure1) strains (H99) of C. neoformans was used to characterize fungal clearance and the resultant immune response evoked by these strains within the lung. Results indicate that mice infected with urease-producing strains of C. neoformans demonstrate a 100-fold increase in fungal burden beginning 2 weeks post-infection (as compared with mice infected with urease-deficient organisms). Infection with urease-producing C. neoformans was associated with a highly polarized T2 immune response as evidenced by increases in the following: 1) pulmonary eosinophils, 2) serum IgE levels, 3) T2 cytokines (interleukin-4, -13, and -4 to interferon-gamma ratio), and 4) alternatively activated macrophages. Furthermore, the percentage and total numbers of immature dendritic cells within the lung-associated lymph nodes was markedly increased in mice infected with urease-producing C. neoformans. Collectively, these data define cryptococcal urease as a pulmonary virulence factor that promotes immature dendritic cell accumulation and a potent, yet non-protective, T2 immune response. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms by which microbial factors contribute to the immunopathology associated with invasive fungal disease.
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