Trial reportAmerican journal of epidemiology2009
Modification of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the mortality of male smokers by age and dietary vitamin C.
Trial report in American journal of epidemiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- The effect of β-carotene on the mortality of male smokers is modified by smoking and by vitamins C and E: evidence against a uniform effect of nutrient.Journal of nutritional science · 2020Trial
- Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males.Clinical interventions in aging · 2016Trial
- Antioxidant micronutrients improve intrinsic and UV-induced apoptosis of human lymphocytes particularly in elderly people.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2011Trial
- Are the UK's vitamin C recommendations evidence-based? A critical comment.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Review
- Vitamin E intake and all-cause mortality: associations modified by smoking cessation duration in a US national cohort.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2026Article
- The Preparation and Biological Testing of Novel Wound Dressings with an Encapsulated Antibacterial and Antioxidant Substance.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Vitamin E and Metabolic Health: Relevance of Interactions with Other Micronutrients.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Bias against Vitamin C in Mainstream Medicine: Examples from Trials of Vitamin C for Infections.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Vitamin E and Mortality in Male Smokers of the ATBC Study: Implications for Nutritional Recommendations.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Article
- Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis.Journal of intensive care · 2020Article
- The Effectiveness of Vitamin E Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Vitamin C and Infections.Nutrients · 2017Review
- Dioxygen and Metabolism; Dangerous Liaisons in Cardiac Function and Disease.Frontiers in physiology · 2017Review
- Multivitamins/multiminerals in Switzerland: not as good as it seems.Nutrition journal · 2014Article
- Effects of polymorphisms in vitamin E-, vitamin C-, and glutathione peroxidase-related genes on serum biomarkers and associations with glaucoma.Molecular vision · 2013Article
- The effect of carrot juice, β-carotene supplementation on lymphocyte DNA damage, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and plasma lipid profiles in Korean smoker.Nutrition research and practice · 2011Article
- Subgroup analysis of large trials can guide further research: a case study of vitamin E and pneumonia.Clinical epidemiology · 2011Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study (1985-1993) recruited 29,133 Finnish male cigarette smokers, finding that vitamin E supplementation had no overall effect on mortality. The authors of this paper found that the effect of vitamin E on respiratory infections in ATBC Study participants was modified by age, smoking, and dietary vitamin C intake; therefore, they examined whether the effect of vitamin E supplementation on mortality is modified by the same variables. During a median follow-up time of 6.1 years, 3,571 deaths occurred. Age and dietary vitamin C intake had a second-order interaction with vitamin E supplementation of 50 mg/day. Among participants with a dietary vitamin C intake above the median of 90 mg/day, vitamin E increased mortality among those aged 50-62 years by 19% (95% confidence interval: 5, 35), whereas vitamin E decreased mortality among those aged 66-69 years by 41% (95% CI: -56, -21). Vitamin E had no effect on participants who had a dietary vitamin C intake below the median. Smoking quantity did not modify the effect of vitamin E. This study provides strong evidence that the effect of vitamin E supplementation on mortality varies between different population groups. Further study is needed to confirm this heterogeneity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.