ArticlePloS one2009
Late HIV diagnosis and determinants of progression to AIDS or death after HIV diagnosis among injection drug users, 33 US States, 1996-2004.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of people who inject drugs among those with HIV late presentation: a meta-analysis.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Pooled it
- The paradigm of universal access to HIV-treatment and human rights violation: how do we treat HIV-positive people who use drugs?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Pharmacy staff characteristics associated with support for pharmacy-based HIV testing.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhATrial
- Cognitive function and mortality among persons aging with HIV and injection drug use.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Socio-behavioral determinants of early vs. long-term HIV infection in Kazakhstan: roles of self-testing, alcohol, drug use and sexual networks.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Frame Shift: Focusing on Harm Reduction and Shared Decision Making for People Who Use Drugs Hospitalized With Infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Correlates of 90-Day Mortality Among People Who Do and Do Not Inject Drugs With Infective Endocarditis in Seattle, Washington.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- ART uptake and adherence among women who use drugs globally: A scoping review.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Testing Among Commercially Insured Persons Who Inject Drugs, United States, 2010-2017.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Associated factors for progression to AIDS among HIV-infected people who use drugs: a retrospective cohort study in Dongguan, China.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Universal Screening for HIV and Hepatitis C Infection: A Community-Based Pilot Project.American journal of preventive medicine · 2018Article
- Secular trends in opportunistic infections, cancers and mortality in patients with AIDS during the era of modern combination antiretroviral therapy.HIV medicine · 2018Article
- "Late for testing, early for antiretroviral therapy, less likely to die": results from a large HIV cohort study in China, 2006-2014.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Increases in CD4Antiviral therapy · 2017Article
- A qualitative study of barriers to and facilitators of optimal engagement in care among PLWH and substance use/misuse.BMC research notes · 2016Article
- Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Uptake of Community-Based Peer Administered HIV Point-of-Care Testing: Findings from the PROUD Study.PloS one · 2016Article
- Mortality Risk After AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Illness Among HIV-Infected Persons--San Francisco, 1981-2012.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Late HIV Testing in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients in Puerto Rico.Puerto Rico health sciences journal · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe timeliness of HIV diagnosis and the initiation of antiretroviral treatment are major determinants of survival for HIV-infected people. Injection drug users (IDUs) are less likely than persons in other transmission categories to seek early HIV counseling, testing, and treatment. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of IDUs with a late HIV diagnosis (AIDS diagnosis within 12 months of HIV diagnosis) and determine the factors associated with disease progression after HIV diagnosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsUsing data from 33 states with confidential name-based HIV reporting, we determined the proportion of IDUs aged >or=13 years who received a late HIV diagnosis during 1996-2004. We used standardized Kaplan-Meier survival methods to determine differences in time of progression from HIV to AIDS and death, by race/ethnicity, sex, age group, CD4(+) T-cell count, metropolitan residence, and diagnosis year. We compared the survival of IDUs with the survival of persons in other transmission categories. During 1996-2004, 42.2% (11,635) of 27,572 IDUs were diagnosed late. For IDUs, the risk for progression from HIV to AIDS 3 years after HIV diagnosis was greater for nonwhites, males and older persons. Three-year survival after HIV diagnosis was lower for IDU males (87.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 87.1-87.4) compared with males exposed through male-to-male sexual contact (91.6%, 95% CI, 91.6-91.7) and males exposed through high-risk heterosexual contact (HRHC) (91.9%, 95% CI, 91.8-91.9). Survival was also lower for IDU females (89.5%, 95% CI, 89.4-89.6) compared to HRHC females (93.3%, 95% CI, 93.3-93.4). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A substantial proportion of IDUs living with HIV received their HIV diagnosis late. To improve survival of IDUs, HIV prevention efforts must ensure early access to HIV testing and care, as well as encourage adherence to antiretroviral treatment to slow disease progression.
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