ArticleNature reviews. Immunology2009
Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
Article in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 204 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
204 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 478 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chrono-optimizing vaccine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2023Guideline
- Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of ravulizumab in patients with NMOSD previously treated with rituximab: A post hoc analysis of the CHAMPION-NMOSD trial.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Trial
- Molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection against typhoid fever.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Trial
- Human Infant Memory B Cell and CD4+ T Cell Responses to HibMenCY-TT Glyco-Conjugate Vaccine.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) in 2-10-year-old children: results of an open, randomised, controlled study.European journal of pediatrics · 2013Trial
- Polysaccharide responsiveness is not biased by prior pneumococcal-conjugate vaccination.PloS one · 2013Trial
- TLR9-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine induces antibody-independent memory responses in HIV-infected adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2012Trial
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination at birth in a high-risk setting: no evidence for neonatal T-cell tolerance.Vaccine · 2011Trial
- Oral priming with Salmonella Typhi vaccine strain CVD 909 followed by parenteral boost with the S. Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine induces CD27+IgD-S. Typhi-specific IgA and IgG B memory cells in humans.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2011Trial
- An overview of the clinical development of the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Using Synthetic Glycans to Investigate Anti-Glycan Antibodies and Explore Their Medical Potential.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Review
- Neutrophils induce effective antibody responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by inhibiting T regulatory cells.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Catalyzing Carbohydrate Cleavage: Glycosidases and Their Mechanisms.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Molecular insights into the capsular polysaccharide transporter Wza-Wzc complex.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Development of a NovelVaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Vaccination against tumour endothelial marker Robo4 inhibits tumour growth.Immunotherapy advances · 2026Article
144 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polysaccharide-encapsulated organisms are the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and pneumonia in children. The use of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in developed countries over the past two decades has markedly decreased the burden of disease and mortality from these organisms through direct protection of the immunized and through herd immunity. In the next decade, the widespread use of conjugate vaccines in the developing world should prevent millions of deaths. In this Science and Society article, we describe how vaccine-induced immunity wanes rapidly after vaccination in early childhood and argue that strategies that sustain protection in the population must be considered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.