ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Synergistic effects of genetic variation in nicotinic and muscarinic receptors on visual attention but not working memory.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Reframing neuroergonomics in an evolutionary and active inference context.Frontiers in neuroergonomics · 2026Article
- Exploring behavior patterns in human and machine interactions.Fundamental research · 2025Article
- Association between genetic variants of the cholinergic system and postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients.BMC medical genomics · 2021Observational
- Neurochemistry of Visual Attention.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- CHRM2 Genotype Affects Inhibitory Control Mechanisms During Cognitive Flexibility.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Neuromodulation of Attention.Neuron · 2018Review
- How neuroscience can inform the study of individual differences in cognitive abilities.Reviews in the neurosciences · 2017Review
- The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit contains a functionally relevant SNP Haplotype.BMC genetics · 2015Article
- AprioriGWAS, a new pattern mining strategy for detecting genetic variants associated with disease through interaction effects.PLoS computational biology · 2014Article
- Arousal and attention re-orienting in autism spectrum disorders: evidence from auditory event-related potentials.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2014Article
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms of CD20 gene and their relationship with clinical efficacy of R-CHOP in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma.Cancer cell international · 2013Article
- Control networks and neuromodulators of early development.Developmental psychology · 2012Article
- Individual differences in cognition, affect, and performance: behavioral, neuroimaging, and molecular genetic approaches.NeuroImage · 2012Review
- Executive Dysfunction in MCI: Subtype or Early Symptom.International journal of Alzheimer's disease · 2012Article
- Bioinformatic analyses identifies novel protein-coding pharmacogenomic markers associated with paclitaxel sensitivity in NCI60 cancer cell lines.BMC medical genomics · 2011Article
- Statistical epistasis and functional brain imaging support a role of voltage-gated potassium channels in human memory.PloS one · 2011Article
- Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2011Review
- Article
- Lack of association of a spontaneous mutation of the Chrm2 gene with behavioral and physiologic phenotypic differences in inbred mice.Comparative medicine · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that neurotransmission systems interact in their effects on human cognition, but those interactions have been little studied. We used genetics to investigate pharmacological evidence of synergisms in nicotinic/muscarinic interactions on cognition. We hypothesized that joint influences of nicotinic and muscarinic systems would be reflected in cognitive effects of normal variation in known SNPs in nicotinic (CHRNA4 rs1044396) and muscarinic (CHRM2 rs8191992) receptor genes. Exp. 1 used a task of cued visual search. The slope of the cue size/reaction time function showed a trend level effect of the muscarinic CHRM2 SNP, no effect of the nicotinic CHRNA4 SNP, but a significant interaction between the 2 SNPs. Slopes were steepest in individuals who were both CHRNA4 C/C and CHRM2 T/T homozygotes. To determine the specificity of this synergism, Exp. 2 assessed working memory for 1-3 locations over 3 s and found no significant effects on either SNP. Interpreting these results in light of Sarter's [Briand LA, et al. (2007) Modulators in concert for cognition: Modulator interactions in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol 83:69-91] claims of tonic and phasic modes of cholinergic activity, we argue that reorienting attention to the target after invalid cues requires a phasic response, dependent on the nicotinic system, whereas orienting attention to valid cues requires a tonic response, dependent on the muscarinic system. Consistent with that, shifting and scaling after valid cues (tonic) were strongest in CHRNA4 C/C homozygotes who were also CHRM2 T/T homozygotes. This shows synergistic effects within the human cholinergic system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.